Fladrafinil (CRL-40,941)
Nootropics
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Also known as: N-cyclopropylpemoline, Cyclopropylpemoline, Ciclazodona, Cyclazodonum, 2-(cyclopropylimino)-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-4-one
Cyclazodone is the N-cyclopropyl derivative of pemoline, a 4-oxazolidinone stimulant. It was made during the 1960s and investigated for stimulant and appetite-suppressing activity, but it was never approved for therapeutic use anywhere and no peer-reviewed report of that program was found.
Route: Oral (route used in the published animal metabolism work), So…MW: 216.24 g/molCAS: 14461-91-7
Last reviewed:
Overview
At A Glance
Mechanism
No receptor binding or transporter data have been published for cyclazodone. It is the N-cyclopropyl derivative of pemoline and belongs to the 4-oxazolidinone stimulant group; pemoline is described as a presynaptic releaser and reuptake blocker of dopamine (PMID: 42188000), and c…
Routes
Oral (route used in the published animal metabolism work)Sold on the research chemical market as a solution and as an aerosol spray
Potential Benefits
Stimulant and appetite-suppressing activity described from the 1960s development program, reported second hand in the modern literature without species or study detail (PMID: 42188000)Formed in vivo as the N-desmethyl metabolite of N-methyl-cyclazodone in male Wistar rats and in pooled human liver S9 fraction (PMID: 42188000)Identifiable in doping control stimulant panels by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, so laboratory confirmation of exposure is possible (PMID: 29058415)
Overview
Cyclazodone is the N-cyclopropyl derivative of pemoline, a 4-oxazolidinone stimulant. It was made during the 1960s and investigated for stimulant and appetite-suppressing activity, but it was never approved for therapeutic use anywhere and no peer-reviewed report of that program was found. It carries an international nonproprietary name, which is why chemical databases list it as cyclazodone and ciclazodona, but a name is not an approval. It reached the research chemical market decades later and is now sold as a powder, a solution and an aerosol spray. There is no published receptor binding or transporter data for cyclazodone itself. Its assumed mechanism comes entirely from its parent compound: pemoline is described as a presynaptic releaser and reuptake blocker of dopamine, was used for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and was withdrawn from the market over rare idiosyncratic liver injury (PMID: 42188000). Whether the cyclopropyl group changes potency, selectivity or duration has not been measured in any published assay. What the modern literature does contain is metabolism. A toxicokinetic study published in 2026 examined N-methyl-cyclazodone, a newer market compound first reported in the United States in 2022 in a suspected intoxication case, and found that it is converted to cyclazodone by N-demethylation in pooled human liver S9 fraction and in male Wistar rats given a single 2 mg/kg oral dose. The reaction was driven mainly by CYP2A6 with smaller contributions from CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, and the dosed N-methyl compound was itself partly excreted unchanged in rat urine, which the authors compared with pemoline excretion in humans (PMID: 42188000). Plasma protein binding was low to moderate at about 36 percent, so protein binding interactions are unlikely. The authors note that people with reduced CYP2A6 activity, or taking CYP2A6 inhibitors, would clear the compound differently. Cyclazodone also turns up in analytical work at doping control laboratories, where it was one of eleven stimulants used to develop a hydrogen and deuterium exchange method by gas chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PMID: 29058415). That shows laboratories can identify it. It does not show that it is prohibited, or that it works. The safety picture is the part worth reading twice. There is no human safety data for cyclazodone, no published animal toxicology study, and no pharmacokinetic study in people. The nearest signal is the pemoline record: pemoline has caused acute liver failure requiring transplantation (PMID: 12132793) and is named among the psychotropic drugs with the highest hepatotoxic potential (PMID: 22133982). A closely related structure does not guarantee the same liability, but it is the only relevant evidence available and it points in an uncomfortable direction. Cyclazodone has no FDA or EMA authorization and is a research-use-only compound in the US market.
Potential Research Fields
StimulantsNew psychoactive substancesForensic toxicologyDrug metabolism
Chemical Information
IUPAC Name
Not yet available
CAS Number
14461-91-7
Molecular Formula
C12H12N2O2
Molecular Mass
216.24 g/mol
Dosing & Protocols
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Research
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Interactions
Contraindications
None established by study; the following are mechanism-based or based on the parent compound. The pemoline scaffold carries a documented risk of idiosyncratic liver injury (PMID: 12132793, PMID: 22133982), so pre-existing liver disease or concurrent hepatotoxic drugs are a mechanism-based concern. Formation and clearance in the N-methyl series depends on CYP2A6, so genetic variation in that enzyme or use of CYP2A6 inhibitors would change exposure (PMID: 42188000). No pregnancy, cardiovascular or psychiatric safety data exist.
Research Disclaimer
This interaction data is compiled from published research and community reports. It may not be exhaustive. Always consult a healthcare professional before combining compounds.
Best Price
$54.99
Best $/mg
—
Vendors
1
Listings
1
nasal
Form
Sort
| Vendor | Product | Form | Qty | Price | $/mg | Coupon | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Cyclazodone aerosol spray | nasal | 1 aerosol spray● In Stock | $54.99BEST | — | — |
Current low
$54.99
current listings
7-day low
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Tracking since Sep 7, 2026 · 1 data point
Vendors Selling Cyclazodone
How we score these vendors
Every supplier above is graded 0 to 100 on COA verification, payment transparency, shipping, reviews, and active listings. Methodology published, no pay-to-rank.
Related Compounds
View All9-Me-BC (9-Methyl-β-carboline)
NootropicsPreclinical9-Methyl--carboline (9-Me-BC) is a synthetic -carboline alkaloid that has drawn nootropic-community interest for a preclinical property that is genuinely unusual among -carbolines: in rodent and cell-culture studies it appears to stimulate the dopaminergic phenotype - raising tyrosine hydroxylase, the number of differentiated dopamine neurons and dopamine content - while also showing neuroprotective, neurorestorative and anti-inflammatory effects, plus in-vitro MAO-A/MAO-B inhibition [PMID:17913302, PMID:20374418, PMID:32285253].
t½ Not characterized in humans (no pharmacokinetic data). Community/anecdotal only: ~5-25 mg per day, oral. No validated or approved human dose exists.
6 PubMedView Profile
Aniracetam
NootropicsApproved (Italy)Aniracetam is a pyrrolidinone in the racetam family, developed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the code Ro 13-5057.
t½ About half an hour for the parent drug in humans. Plasma elimination half-life was 0.47 to 0.49 hours after a single 400 mg oral dose in 20 healthy male volunteers (PMID: 19025058). Aniracetam is extensively metabolized to N-anisoyl-GABA and anisic acid; in six elderly hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular disease and reduced creatinine clearance, metabolite half-life was 4 to 7 times longer than in young volunteers (PMID: 9062694).
PreclinicalView Profile
Bemethyl (bemitil)
NootropicsApproved (Russia)Bemethyl, known in the Russian literature as bemitil and sold in the region under names including Metaprot, Bemactor and Antihot, is 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole, normally handled as the hydrobromide salt.
t½ Not established in humans; in healthy volunteers given a single 250 mg oral dose of the Metaprot capsule form, peak serum ethylthiobenzimidazole averaged 0.91 microg/mL at about 1.06 h, and no terminal half-life was reported (PMID: 21870773)
PreclinicalView Profile
Bromantane
NootropicsRussia ApprovedBromantane is an atypical psychostimulant and anxiolytic developed in the 1980s at the Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, originally created as an adaptogen for Soviet military and elite athletic use and later approved in Russia for the treatment of neurasthenic and asthenic disorders under the trade name Ladasten.
34 PubMedView Profile
Dihexa
NootropicsPreclinicalDihexa is a synthetic peptide analogue of the angiotensin IV metabolite LVV-hemorphin-7, developed at Washington State University.
t½ Not characterized in humans. Dihexa was engineered for metabolic stability (resistant to plasma and enzymatic degradation) and blood-brain-barrier penetration; in preclinical work its central procognitive effects appear to outlast its plasma presence. 5 to 40 mg oral per day (anecdotal range; no established human dose)
1 PubMedView Profile
Fasoracetam (NS-105)
NootropicsPhase 2Fasoracetam is a racetam developed by Nippon Shinyaku in Japan under the code NS-105 and taken into clinical development for vascular dementia.
t½ Mean terminal half-life 4.82 hours, range 4.06 to 6.99 hours, after single oral doses in adolescents aged 12 to 17, with the drug excreted for the most part unchanged through the kidneys (PMID: 29339723). After intravenous dosing in animals, elimination half-life was 0.67 hours in rats, 2.1 hours in dogs and 1.3 hours in monkeys, with high systemic availability after oral dosing in all three species (PMID: 10604039).
PreclinicalView Profile
View Full Dosage Guide →
Protocols, calculator & safety for Cyclazodone
Research Score
30
0 PubMed results
Quality Indicators
Data Completeness
63%Description
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Data
Dosing Protocols
Safety Profile
PubMed Results
Interactions
Vendor Listings
COA Verification
0
Verified COAs
1
Vendors w/ COA
Latest test: 9/16/2026
Quick Facts
Molecular Weight
216.24 g/mol
Administration
Oral (route used in the published animal metabolism work), Sold on the research chemical market as a solution and as an aerosol spray
CAS Number
14461-91-7
Trial Phase
Preclinical
Research Disclaimer
This information is for educational and research purposes only. Not intended as medical advice. Consult a healthcare professional before use.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Cyclazodone used for in research?
Cyclazodone is the N-cyclopropyl derivative of pemoline, a 4-oxazolidinone stimulant. It was made during the 1960s and investigated for stimulant and appetite-suppressing activity, but it was never approved for therapeutic use anywhere and no peer-reviewed report of that program was found. It carries an international nonproprietary name, which is why chemical databases list it as cyclazodone and ciclazodona, but a name is not an approval. It reached the research chemical market decades later and is now sold as a powder, a solution and an aerosol spray.
There is no published receptor binding or transporter data for cyclazodone itself. Its assumed mechanism comes entirely from its parent compound: pemoline is described as a presynaptic releaser and reuptake blocker of dopamine, was used for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and was withdrawn from the market over rare idiosyncratic liver injury (PMID: 42188000). Whether the cyclopropyl group changes potency, selectivity or duration has not been measured in any published assay.
What the modern literature does contain is metabolism. A toxicokinetic study published in 2026 examined N-methyl-cyclazodone, a newer market compound first reported in the United States in 2022 in a suspected intoxication case, and found that it is converted to cyclazodone by N-demethylation in pooled human liver S9 fraction and in male Wistar rats given a single 2 mg/kg oral dose. The reaction was driven mainly by CYP2A6 with smaller contributions from CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, and the dosed N-methyl compound was itself partly excreted unchanged in rat urine, which the authors compared with pemoline excretion in humans (PMID: 42188000). Plasma protein binding was low to moderate at about 36 percent, so protein binding interactions are unlikely. The authors note that people with reduced CYP2A6 activity, or taking CYP2A6 inhibitors, would clear the compound differently.
Cyclazodone also turns up in analytical work at doping control laboratories, where it was one of eleven stimulants used to develop a hydrogen and deuterium exchange method by gas chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PMID: 29058415). That shows laboratories can identify it. It does not show that it is prohibited, or that it works.
The safety picture is the part worth reading twice. There is no human safety data for cyclazodone, no published animal toxicology study, and no pharmacokinetic study in people. The nearest signal is the pemoline record: pemoline has caused acute liver failure requiring transplantation (PMID: 12132793) and is named among the psychotropic drugs with the highest hepatotoxic potential (PMID: 22133982). A closely related structure does not guarantee the same liability, but it is the only relevant evidence available and it points in an uncomfortable direction. Cyclazodone has no FDA or EMA authorization and is a research-use-only compound in the US market.
What forms does Cyclazodone come in?
Cyclazodone is available in nasal form.
How do I compare Cyclazodone vendors?
Compare prices, payment methods, shipping, and COA scores across 1 vendor.
How many vendors sell Cyclazodone, and what does it cost per mg?
1 of the vendors BodyHackGuide tracks list Cyclazodone (1 listing). The lowest listed price BodyHackGuide has recorded for Cyclazodone is $54.99. No Cyclazodone listing recorded as in stock carries a milligram count, so BodyHackGuide states no price per milligram for Cyclazodone.
Which vendors have third-party COAs for Cyclazodone on file at BodyHackGuide?
BodyHackGuide holds no third-party certificate records for Cyclazodone. Each vendor page on BodyHackGuide shows how many certificate records BodyHackGuide holds for that vendor.
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View All9-Me-BC (9-Methyl-β-carboline)
NootropicsPreclinical9-Methyl--carboline (9-Me-BC) is a synthetic -carboline alkaloid that has drawn nootropic-community interest for a preclinical property that is genuinely unusual among -carbolines: in rodent and cell-culture studies it appears to stimulate the dopaminergic phenotype - raising tyrosine hydroxylase, the number of differentiated dopamine neurons and dopamine content - while also showing neuroprotective, neurorestorative and anti-inflammatory effects, plus in-vitro MAO-A/MAO-B inhibition [PMID:17913302, PMID:20374418, PMID:32285253].
t½ Not characterized in humans (no pharmacokinetic data). Community/anecdotal only: ~5-25 mg per day, oral. No validated or approved human dose exists.
6 PubMedView Profile
Aniracetam
NootropicsApproved (Italy)Aniracetam is a pyrrolidinone in the racetam family, developed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the code Ro 13-5057.
t½ About half an hour for the parent drug in humans. Plasma elimination half-life was 0.47 to 0.49 hours after a single 400 mg oral dose in 20 healthy male volunteers (PMID: 19025058). Aniracetam is extensively metabolized to N-anisoyl-GABA and anisic acid; in six elderly hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular disease and reduced creatinine clearance, metabolite half-life was 4 to 7 times longer than in young volunteers (PMID: 9062694).
PreclinicalView Profile
Bemethyl (bemitil)
NootropicsApproved (Russia)Bemethyl, known in the Russian literature as bemitil and sold in the region under names including Metaprot, Bemactor and Antihot, is 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole, normally handled as the hydrobromide salt.
t½ Not established in humans; in healthy volunteers given a single 250 mg oral dose of the Metaprot capsule form, peak serum ethylthiobenzimidazole averaged 0.91 microg/mL at about 1.06 h, and no terminal half-life was reported (PMID: 21870773)
PreclinicalView Profile
Bromantane
NootropicsRussia ApprovedBromantane is an atypical psychostimulant and anxiolytic developed in the 1980s at the Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, originally created as an adaptogen for Soviet military and elite athletic use and later approved in Russia for the treatment of neurasthenic and asthenic disorders under the trade name Ladasten.
34 PubMedView Profile
Dihexa
NootropicsPreclinicalDihexa is a synthetic peptide analogue of the angiotensin IV metabolite LVV-hemorphin-7, developed at Washington State University.
t½ Not characterized in humans. Dihexa was engineered for metabolic stability (resistant to plasma and enzymatic degradation) and blood-brain-barrier penetration; in preclinical work its central procognitive effects appear to outlast its plasma presence. 5 to 40 mg oral per day (anecdotal range; no established human dose)
1 PubMedView Profile
Fasoracetam (NS-105)
NootropicsPhase 2Fasoracetam is a racetam developed by Nippon Shinyaku in Japan under the code NS-105 and taken into clinical development for vascular dementia.
t½ Mean terminal half-life 4.82 hours, range 4.06 to 6.99 hours, after single oral doses in adolescents aged 12 to 17, with the drug excreted for the most part unchanged through the kidneys (PMID: 29339723). After intravenous dosing in animals, elimination half-life was 0.67 hours in rats, 2.1 hours in dogs and 1.3 hours in monkeys, with high systemic availability after oral dosing in all three species (PMID: 10604039).
PreclinicalView Profile
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