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    Ostarine (Enobosarm, MK-2866) molecular structure

    Ostarine (Enobosarm, MK-2866)

    PerformancePhase 3

    Also known as: Enobosarm, MK-2866, MK2866, GTx-024, S-22, Ostabolic

    Ostarine is the market name for enobosarm, a nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator first developed by GTx Inc under the codes GTx-024, MK-2866 and S-22. It was designed to switch on the androgen receptor in muscle and bone while acting only weakly on prostate and other reproductive tissue, and it was taken into clinical development for muscle wasting in cancer, for age-related loss of muscle, for androgen receptor positive breast cancer and for stress urinary incontinence.

    Half-Life: Not established from a retrieved human report; in rats the mean elimination half-life of radiolabeled GTx-024 was 0.6 h in males and 16.4 h in females (PMID: 24074268). Human plasma pharmacokinetics were characterized in phase 1 drug-interaction studies (PMID: 27105861)Route: OralMW: 389.33 g/molCAS: 841205-47-8
    Last reviewed:
    Performance
    Category
    Phase 3
    Research Stage

    Overview

    Best Price Available

    Disguised Alpha logo

    Disguised Alpha

    $74.99

    60 capsules · capsule

    At A Glance

    Mechanism

    Enobosarm is a nonsteroidal partial agonist of the androgen receptor. It binds the ligand-binding domain and drives nuclear translocation and transcription of androgen-responsive genes in skeletal muscle and bone, while producing weaker activation in prostate and other androgenic

    Half-Life
    Not established from a retrieved human report; in rats the mean elimination half-life of radiolabeled GTx-024 was 0.6 h in males and 16.4 h in females (PMID: 24074268). Human plasma pharmacokinetics were characterized in phase 1 drug-interaction studies (PMID: 27105861)
    Routes
    Oral
    Potential Benefits
    Increased total lean body mass and improved physical function in healthy older men and postmenopausal women in a 12-week phase 2 trial (PMID: 22031847)Increased total lean body mass in patients with cancer-associated weight loss in a phase 2 trial (PMID: 23499390)Clinical benefit at 24 weeks in about a third of women with androgen receptor positive, estrogen receptor positive, HER2 negative advanced breast cancer in a phase 2 trial (PMID: 38342115)Improved bone healing in ovariectomized rats (PMID: 31531719)Improved muscle tissue in ovariectomized rats (PMID: 33042018)

    Overview

    Ostarine is the market name for enobosarm, a nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator first developed by GTx Inc under the codes GTx-024, MK-2866 and S-22. It was designed to switch on the androgen receptor in muscle and bone while acting only weakly on prostate and other reproductive tissue, and it was taken into clinical development for muscle wasting in cancer, for age-related loss of muscle, for androgen receptor positive breast cancer and for stress urinary incontinence. It has never been approved by the FDA or the EMA for any indication. Development rights now sit with Veru Inc, which is testing it as an add-on to GLP-1 receptor agonists to limit the loss of lean mass that accompanies rapid weight reduction. The androgen receptor is a nuclear receptor. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone bind it, move it into the cell nucleus and change which genes are read. Enobosarm binds the same receptor but recruits a different set of co-regulator proteins, which is why its effects on muscle and bone are stronger than its effects on prostate and skin. Work in mice showed that the muscle response does not come only from satellite cells, since enobosarm still restored muscle weight in animals lacking the androgen receptor in that cell lineage (PMID: 26393303). In animals, enobosarm improved bone healing in ovariectomized rats (PMID: 31531719), improved muscle tissue in ovariectomized rats (PMID: 33042018) and improved bone in orchiectomized rats used as an osteoporosis model (PMID: 37378829). Not every animal result is favorable: in rats it blunted the effect of endurance training on submaximal endurance (PMID: 38451281) and did not add to the metabolic effect of exercise in obese rats (PMID: 37865959). In humans, a 12-week phase 2 trial in 120 healthy older men and postmenopausal women reported gains in total lean body mass and physical function against placebo (PMID: 22031847), and a phase 2 trial in patients with cancer-related weight loss reported gains in lean body mass (PMID: 23499390). The safety record is the part most often left out of marketing. Cholestatic and hepatocellular liver injury after ostarine use has been published as individual case reports, including a young man who needed albumin dialysis and took six months to return to normal bilirubin (PMID: 37871633), a hepatocellular case that resolved after stopping the supplement (PMID: 35655632) and cases involving ostarine with post-cycle drugs (PMID: 34141767). A systematic review of safety in healthy adults collected fifteen published cases of drug-induced liver injury across the SARM class along with a tendon rupture and a rhabdomyolysis case (PMID: 37218811). The FDA states that these products are unapproved drugs, are not dietary supplements, and lists liver injury and acute liver failure, heart attack, stroke, psychosis, infertility and testicular shrinkage among reported risks (FDA, Certain Bodybuilding Products Put Consumers at Risk, page updated December 2025). What is sold online is often not what the label says. In an analysis of 44 products marketed as SARMs, only 52 percent contained a SARM at all, 39 percent contained a different unapproved drug, and the labeled amount matched the measured amount in only 41 percent (PMID: 29183075).

    Potential Research Fields

    Muscle wasting and cachexiaSarcopeniaOncologySports drug testing

    Chemical Information

    IUPAC Name

    Not yet available

    CAS Number

    841205-47-8

    Molecular Formula

    C19H14F3N3O3

    Molecular Mass

    389.33 g/mol

    Dosing & Protocols

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    Interactions

    Contraindications

    Mechanism-based: androgen receptor agonists are contraindicated in pregnancy because of the risk of virilizing a female fetus, and in men with known or suspected prostate cancer, since androgen receptor activation can drive prostate tissue. Existing liver disease or raised transaminases is a mechanism-based and case-report-based reason to avoid it, given published cholestatic and hepatocellular injury (PMID: 37871633, PMID: 35655632). Athletes in tested sport must avoid it because it is prohibited at all times (PMID: 38499138).

    Research Disclaimer

    This interaction data is compiled from published research and community reports. It may not be exhaustive. Always consult a healthcare professional before combining compounds.

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    Vendors Selling Ostarine (Enobosarm, MK-2866)

    How we score these vendors

    Every supplier above is graded 0–100 on COA verification, payment transparency, shipping, reviews, and active listings. Methodology published, no pay-to-rank.

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    Related Compounds

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    ITPP

    PerformancePreclinical

    ITPP (myo-inositol trispyrophosphate, sometimes written myo-inositol tripyrophosphate or OXY111A in NormOxys trial documents) is a small-molecule allosteric effector of hemoglobin designed to increase the amount of oxygen red blood cells release to tissues.

    Research compound — IV infusion in studies, no established oral doses
    36 studiesView Profile

    LGD-4033 (Ligandrol)

    PerformancePhase 2

    LGD-4033, usually sold as ligandrol, is a nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator that Viking Therapeutics took into clinical development under the code VK5211 (NCT02578095).

    t½ Long elimination half-life in humans with dose-proportional accumulation over 21 days of daily dosing in healthy young men; the report describes the profile without giving a single value in its summary (PMID: 22459616)
    PreclinicalView Profile

    PEG-MGF

    PerformancePreclinical

    PEG-MGF (Pegylated Mechano Growth Factor) is a synthetic, PEGylated form of Mechano Growth Factor (MGF) — an alternatively spliced variant of IGF-1 produced locally in muscle and other tissues in response to mechanical loading or damage.

    t½ Native MGF: very short (minutes) due to rapid proteolysis. PEG-MGF: PEGylation is intended to extend this substantially (community estimates up to roughly 1 day), but there are no published human pharmacokinetic data to confirm a specific value. 200
    PreclinicalView Profile

    RAD-140 (Testolone)

    PerformancePhase 1

    RAD-140, sold as testolone and given the international nonproprietary name vosilasarm, is a nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator developed at Radius Health, whose scientists reported the first-in-human trial (PMID: 34565686), and first described in the medicinal chemistry literature as a compound with an oxadiazole core designed for oral androgen receptor activity with tissue selectivity (PMID: 24900290).

    t½ Terminal half-life 44.7 hours in humans, measured in a first-in-human phase 1 study in postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer (PMID: 34565686)
    PreclinicalView Profile

    SLU-PP-332

    PerformancePreclinical

    SLU-PP-332 is the first-generation synthetic pan-agonist of the estrogen-related receptors (ERRα, ERRβ, ERRγ) developed by the laboratory of Thomas Burris at Saint Louis University and reported in a landmark 2023 publication that established ERR pan-agonism as a pharmacologically tractable exercise-mimetic drug mechanism.

    Research compound — no established human doses. Animal studies: 10-50 mg/kg
    8 studiesView Profile

    YK-11

    PerformancePreclinical

    YK-11 is a synthetic steroid, not a nonsteroidal SARM, despite being sold alongside them.

    t½ Not established. In a human elimination study using deuterium-labeled YK-11, no intact parent compound was seen in urine; unconjugated metabolites disappeared within 24 hours and glucuronidated and sulfated metabolites remained traceable beyond 48 hours (PMID: 30379415)
    PreclinicalView Profile

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    Protocols, calculator & safety for Ostarine (Enobosarm, MK-2866)

    Best Price

    Disguised Alpha logo

    Disguised Alpha

    $74.99

    1 vendors · 1 listings

    Research Score

    30

    0 PubMed studies

    Quality Indicators

    Data Completeness

    63%
    Description
    Mechanism of Action
    Chemical Data
    Dosing Protocols
    Safety Profile
    PubMed Studies
    Interactions
    Vendor Listings

    Quick Facts

    Half-Life

    Not established from a retrieved human report; in rats the mean elimination half-life of radiolabeled GTx-024 was 0.6 h in males and 16.4 h in females (PMID: 24074268). Human plasma pharmacokinetics were characterized in phase 1 drug-interaction studies (PMID: 27105861)

    Molecular Weight

    389.33 g/mol

    Administration

    Oral

    CAS Number

    841205-47-8

    Trial Phase

    Phase 3

    0

    Research Disclaimer

    This information is for educational and research purposes only. Not intended as medical advice. Consult a healthcare professional before use.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    What is Ostarine (Enobosarm, MK-2866) used for in research?

    Ostarine is the market name for enobosarm, a nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator first developed by GTx Inc under the codes GTx-024, MK-2866 and S-22. It was designed to switch on the androgen receptor in muscle and bone while acting only weakly on prostate and other reproductive tissue, and it was taken into clinical development for muscle wasting in cancer, for age-related loss of muscle, for androgen receptor positive breast cancer and for stress urinary incontinence. It has never been approved by the FDA or the EMA for any indication. Development rights now sit with Veru Inc, which is testing it as an add-on to GLP-1 receptor agonists to limit the loss of lean mass that accompanies rapid weight reduction.

    The androgen receptor is a nuclear receptor. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone bind it, move it into the cell nucleus and change which genes are read. Enobosarm binds the same receptor but recruits a different set of co-regulator proteins, which is why its effects on muscle and bone are stronger than its effects on prostate and skin. Work in mice showed that the muscle response does not come only from satellite cells, since enobosarm still restored muscle weight in animals lacking the androgen receptor in that cell lineage (PMID: 26393303).

    In animals, enobosarm improved bone healing in ovariectomized rats (PMID: 31531719), improved muscle tissue in ovariectomized rats (PMID: 33042018) and improved bone in orchiectomized rats used as an osteoporosis model (PMID: 37378829). Not every animal result is favorable: in rats it blunted the effect of endurance training on submaximal endurance (PMID: 38451281) and did not add to the metabolic effect of exercise in obese rats (PMID: 37865959). In humans, a 12-week phase 2 trial in 120 healthy older men and postmenopausal women reported gains in total lean body mass and physical function against placebo (PMID: 22031847), and a phase 2 trial in patients with cancer-related weight loss reported gains in lean body mass (PMID: 23499390).

    The safety record is the part most often left out of marketing. Cholestatic and hepatocellular liver injury after ostarine use has been published as individual case reports, including a young man who needed albumin dialysis and took six months to return to normal bilirubin (PMID: 37871633), a hepatocellular case that resolved after stopping the supplement (PMID: 35655632) and cases involving ostarine with post-cycle drugs (PMID: 34141767). A systematic review of safety in healthy adults collected fifteen published cases of drug-induced liver injury across the SARM class along with a tendon rupture and a rhabdomyolysis case (PMID: 37218811). The FDA states that these products are unapproved drugs, are not dietary supplements, and lists liver injury and acute liver failure, heart attack, stroke, psychosis, infertility and testicular shrinkage among reported risks (FDA, Certain Bodybuilding Products Put Consumers at Risk, page updated December 2025).

    What is sold online is often not what the label says. In an analysis of 44 products marketed as SARMs, only 52 percent contained a SARM at all, 39 percent contained a different unapproved drug, and the labeled amount matched the measured amount in only 41 percent (PMID: 29183075).

    What forms does Ostarine (Enobosarm, MK-2866) come in?

    Ostarine (Enobosarm, MK-2866) is available in capsule form.

    How much does Ostarine (Enobosarm, MK-2866) cost?

    Prices start at $74.99 across 1 verified vendor.

    How do I compare Ostarine (Enobosarm, MK-2866) vendors?

    Compare prices, payment methods, shipping, and COA scores across 1 vendor.

    Research Tools

    Related Compounds

    View All

    ITPP

    PerformancePreclinical

    ITPP (myo-inositol trispyrophosphate, sometimes written myo-inositol tripyrophosphate or OXY111A in NormOxys trial documents) is a small-molecule allosteric effector of hemoglobin designed to increase the amount of oxygen red blood cells release to tissues.

    Research compound — IV infusion in studies, no established oral doses
    36 studiesView Profile

    LGD-4033 (Ligandrol)

    PerformancePhase 2

    LGD-4033, usually sold as ligandrol, is a nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator that Viking Therapeutics took into clinical development under the code VK5211 (NCT02578095).

    t½ Long elimination half-life in humans with dose-proportional accumulation over 21 days of daily dosing in healthy young men; the report describes the profile without giving a single value in its summary (PMID: 22459616)
    PreclinicalView Profile

    PEG-MGF

    PerformancePreclinical

    PEG-MGF (Pegylated Mechano Growth Factor) is a synthetic, PEGylated form of Mechano Growth Factor (MGF) — an alternatively spliced variant of IGF-1 produced locally in muscle and other tissues in response to mechanical loading or damage.

    t½ Native MGF: very short (minutes) due to rapid proteolysis. PEG-MGF: PEGylation is intended to extend this substantially (community estimates up to roughly 1 day), but there are no published human pharmacokinetic data to confirm a specific value. 200
    PreclinicalView Profile

    RAD-140 (Testolone)

    PerformancePhase 1

    RAD-140, sold as testolone and given the international nonproprietary name vosilasarm, is a nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator developed at Radius Health, whose scientists reported the first-in-human trial (PMID: 34565686), and first described in the medicinal chemistry literature as a compound with an oxadiazole core designed for oral androgen receptor activity with tissue selectivity (PMID: 24900290).

    t½ Terminal half-life 44.7 hours in humans, measured in a first-in-human phase 1 study in postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer (PMID: 34565686)
    PreclinicalView Profile

    SLU-PP-332

    PerformancePreclinical

    SLU-PP-332 is the first-generation synthetic pan-agonist of the estrogen-related receptors (ERRα, ERRβ, ERRγ) developed by the laboratory of Thomas Burris at Saint Louis University and reported in a landmark 2023 publication that established ERR pan-agonism as a pharmacologically tractable exercise-mimetic drug mechanism.

    Research compound — no established human doses. Animal studies: 10-50 mg/kg
    8 studiesView Profile

    YK-11

    PerformancePreclinical

    YK-11 is a synthetic steroid, not a nonsteroidal SARM, despite being sold alongside them.

    t½ Not established. In a human elimination study using deuterium-labeled YK-11, no intact parent compound was seen in urine; unconjugated metabolites disappeared within 24 hours and glucuronidated and sulfated metabolites remained traceable beyond 48 hours (PMID: 30379415)
    PreclinicalView Profile

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