--- title: "SANA: Research & Side Effects | BodyHackGuide" url: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/sana description: "SANA: mechanism, clinical studies & side effects. Research compound guides, vendor prices and dosing tools from BodyHackGuide." lang: en --- Skip to content Compare notes on r/BodyHackGuide (https://reddit.com/r/bodyhackguide) Compare notes with other researchers. Join r/BodyHackGuide (https://reddit.com/r/bodyhackguide) # SANA Metabolic & Weight Loss: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/wiki#cat-metabolic-&-weight-loss Status Phase 1 (phase 1A/B single and multiple ascending dose trial, ACTRN12622001519741, publ...,, not approved for human use Evidence Not graded on a research bench yet SANA (5-(2-nitroethenyl)salicylic acid, called MVD1 in clinical development) is an experimental small molecule, a nitroalkene derivative of salicylate made at the Institut Pasteur de Montevideo in Uruguay, that increased creatine-dependent energy expenditure and heat production in the fat tissue of mice. Reviewed 4 November 2026 01 Overview ## What SANA is In mice fed a high-fat diet, SANA prevented weight gain and caused weight loss in mice that were already obese without lowering food intake, protected against fatty liver and insulin resistance, and kept working at thermoneutral temperatures and in mice lacking uncoupling protein 1 (PMID: 40527924). The only human data come from a 2025 phase 1 trial in 41 volunteers in Australia, where the highest repeated dose was followed by about 3 percent weight loss over 15 days, a result the authors call preliminary because the trial was designed to test safety (PMID: 40527924). SANA is not approved by the FDA: Drugs@FDA returned no record for SANA or MVD1 on 27 October 2026. ### How it works ### A salicylate carrying a nitroalkene group SANA is salicylic acid with a nitroalkene group (a nitro group on a carbon-carbon double bond) at position 5 of the ring (PMID: 40527924, PMID: 40691833). The Montevideo group designed SANA by moving the reactive nitroalkene group of nitrated fatty acids onto salicylate, the parent compound of aspirin (PMID: 40527924). Like other nitroalkenes, SANA reacts with small thiol-containing molecules by Michael addition (PMID: 40527924). Read the full mechanism Show less In mice, SANA was converted to a saturated metabolite, 5-(2-nitroethyl)salicylic acid (M1), and M1 had no effect on diet-induced obesity (PMID: 40527924). Analogues with the nitroalkene at positions 3 or 4 of salicylate, and one with a longer side chain, did not activate heat production, so the authors concluded that both the nitroalkene group and its position are needed (PMID: 40527924). ### Creatine-dependent thermogenesis (mouse data) Fat cells can turn energy into heat through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and through other routes, such as a futile cycle of creatine metabolism in beige fat that was described in mice in 2015 (PMID: 26496606). In mice on a high-fat diet, SANA raised mitochondrial respiration in fat cells, increased creatine in inguinal white fat, and raised the expression of creatine metabolism genes such as the mitochondrial creatine kinase CKMT1 (PMID: 40527924). Mice given SANA had a higher surface temperature, and during a short high-fat feeding protocol at 28 degrees Celsius their energy expenditure rose while weight gain did not differ between groups; SANA did not change energy expenditure in mice eating normal chow (PMID: 40527924). Depleting creatine with beta-guanidinopropionic acid abolished SANA's effect on the response to cold, and mice lacking CKMT1 lost the glucose-lowering effect of SANA when housed at thermoneutrality (PMID: 40527924). SANA still worked in mice lacking UCP1 and in mice lacking the alpha 1 subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and it did not directly uncouple isolated mitochondria (PMID: 40527924). Adding SANA directly to fat cells or isolated mitochondria did not change respiration at once, and the authors suggest a slower effect through gene expression (PMID: 40527924). The 2023 preprint version of this work, which was not peer reviewed, reported that SANA binds the mitochondrial creatine kinases CKMT1 and CKMT2 (PMID: 37502859), while the 2025 peer-reviewed paper states that the molecular target of SANA remains to be determined (PMID: 40527924). ### Human cell data In differentiated human fat cells, 24 hours of SANA increased respiration and raised the expression of creatine kinases including CKMT1 and CKMT2 (PMID: 40527924). ### Immune effects (animal data) A 2025 study from the same institute reported that SANA activates TMEM176B, an ion channel in immune cells, and prolonged heart graft survival in rats and skin graft survival in mice; in the mouse skin graft model the effect depended on TMEM176B and involved heme oxygenase-1 and more regulatory T cells in the graft (PMID: 40691833). ### Pharmacokinetics In mice, plasma SANA peaked 0.5 hours after an oral dose of 400 mg/kg and was undetectable at 24 hours, and imaging with radiolabeled SANA showed excretion mainly through the kidneys and intestine (PMID: 40527924). In the phase 1 trial, the authors report pharmacokinetic profiles similar to those in mice and exposure on day 15 of twice-daily dosing comparable to day 1, which indicates no accumulation (PMID: 40527924). BodyHackGuide's creatine (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/creatine) guide covers creatine itself. The creatine in this mechanism is the body's own creatine in fat tissue; no study has tested SANA together with creatine supplements. ### Studied for - Obesity - Adipose tissue thermogenesis - Creatine metabolism - Insulin resistance - Nitroalkene pharmacology - Transplant immunology ### Benefits listed - Body weight about 3 percent lower after 15 days in the highest-dose group of a phase 1 trial (PMID: 40527924) - Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and fructosamine in the highest-dose group of the same phase 1 trial (PMID: 40527924) - Weight gain, fat mass and liver fat in mice fed a high-fat diet (PMID: 40527924) - Energy expenditure and heat production in mouse fat tissue (PMID: 40527924) Show 1 more Show less - Skin and heart graft survival in mice and rats (PMID: 40691833) 02 Research Free with email ## What the research shows No research bench grades SANA yet. Benches compare compounds people pair, with the evidence for each. ### Unlock the research summary Enter your email to keep reading. It is free, and it opens these sections on every compound page in this browser. - A summary of the key research - Safety and side effects - A link to the PubMed results You also get the free peptide cheat sheet by email. Unsubscribe anytime. Have an account? Sign in (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/auth) 03 Safety ## SANA side effects and interactions ### Side effects #### Common - Headache and soft stools, the most frequent possibly drug-related events in the phase 1 trial (PMID: 40527924) #### Serious events - Reversible kidney tubule damage, with protein and glucose in the urine, in two people after a single 800 mg dose (PMID: 40527924) - Roughly 50 percent increase in mortality in mice lacking CKMT1 given SANA at room temperature (PMID: 40527924) - Human data limited to one phase 1 trial with at most 15 days of dosing (PMID: 40527924) ### Who should not use it Contraindications SANA is an experimental compound with no approved label, so no official contraindications exist. The cautions below come from the phase 1 and animal findings and are reported as the sources state them. Read all the contraindications and cautions Show less Kidney function warrants caution: the only adverse events judged definitively related to SANA in the phase 1 trial were reversible kidney tubule damage after a single 800 mg dose, and a participant with probable undetected kidney disease developed proteinuria during the trial (PMID: 40527924). Defects in creatine metabolism are a concern from animal work: in mice lacking the creatine kinase CKMT1, SANA at room temperature was followed by deaths that did not occur in normal mice (PMID: 40527924). SANA is built on the salicylate scaffold, the parent compound of aspirin (PMID: 40527924), and no study has tested SANA in people with aspirin or salicylate sensitivity. Pregnancy, children and long-term use fall outside the data: the SANA trial enrolled adults aged 18 to 60 for at most 15 days of dosing, and no data in pregnancy or in children were found (PMID: 40527924). ### Interactions 1 pairing in our record: 1 to monitor. - Creatine Monitor SANA's heat-producing effect in mice depended on the body's creatine: depleting creatine with beta-guanidinopropionic acid abolished it, and SANA raised creatine levels in fat and muscle (PMID: 40527924). No study has given SANA together with creatine supplements, so the effect of combining them is unknown. This interaction data is compiled from published research and community reports. It may not be exhaustive. Always consult a healthcare professional before combining compounds. Need bloodwork before starting? Full hormone + metabolic panels from Anabolic Insights. Code CHONCH for first-order discount. Order Bloodwork (https://anabolicinsights.ai/?ref=nwm2zjb) 04 Dosing Free with email ## Dosing No dose on record Our record lists no dose for SANA. This section holds what it does list. ### Unlock the Dosing section - Route 05 Prices ## SANA prices No listings We do not track a vendor for SANA yet, so this page states no price. 06 Chemistry ## Chemistry and structure Molecular formula C9H7NO5 Molecular mass 209.16 g/mol CAS number 42571-07-3 Half-life No human half-life is given in the abstract or main text of the 2025 phase 1 report, which states that exposure on day 15 of twice-daily dosing was comparable to day 1 (PMID: 40527924). In mice, plasma levels peaked 0.5 hours after an oral dose and SANA was undetectable at 24 hours (PMID: 40527924). View on PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/54133300) 07 Related ## Related to SANA ### In the same category - AOD-9604Phase 2 AOD-9604 (Anti-Obesity Drug 9604) is a synthetic 16-amino-acid peptide fragment of human growth hormone (hGH) corresponding to residues 177-191 of the hGH molecule plus a tyrosine addition at the N-terminus (sequence: Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Phe).: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/aod-9604 - ATX-304Phase 2a Clinical Trials ATX-304 (also known as O-304) is an orally bioavailable, first-in-class pan-AMPK activator with a mild mitochondrial-uncoupling effect.: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/atx-304 - CagrilintidePhase 3 Cagrilintide (also known as AM833, development code NN9838) is a long-acting amylin analog developed by Novo Nordisk as a next-generation weight-management therapy, designed to be co-administered with the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide in a fixed-ratio combination known as CagriSema.: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/cagrilintide - CagriSemaPhase 3 CagriSema is Novo Nordisk's once-weekly subcutaneous combination of cagrilintide, a long-acting amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist, and semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, developed for weight management and for type 2 diabetes.: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/cagrisema - HGH Fragment 176-191Phase 2 HGH Fragment 176-191 (also written HGH Frag 176-191, hGH Fragment 176-191, and frequently appearing in clinical literature as AOD-9604 — "Anti-Obesity Drug 9604") is a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal 15-amino-acid region of the 191-amino-acid human growth hormone (hGH) molecule, with an additional N-terminal tyrosine residue added for stability and biological activity.: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/hgh-frag-176-191 - LiraglutidePhase 4 Liraglutide (NN2211) is a once-daily injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk: a copy of human GLP-1 with one amino acid changed and a 16-carbon fatty acid attached, which lasts about 13 hours in plasma against 1.5 to 2 minutes for the natural hormone (Victoza label; PMID: 31031702).: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/liraglutide All compounds (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/wiki) ### Compare SANA - Alternatives to SANA: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/alternatives-to/sana ### Research tools - Peptide Calculator Reconstitution and syringe units: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/reconstitution - Reconstitution Guide How to mix, step by step: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/how-to-reconstitute-peptides - Nasal Spray Calc mL per actuation: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/intranasal - Half-Life Visualizer Decay curves: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/halflife All articles (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/blog) 08 Questions ## Frequently asked questions What is SANA? SANA is 5-(2-nitroethenyl)salicylic acid, an experimental small molecule that adds a nitroalkene group to salicylate, developed at the Institut Pasteur de Montevideo in Uruguay (PMID: 40527924). SANA is called MVD1 in clinical development (PMID: 40527924). SANA is not approved by the FDA and has been tested in people only in one phase 1 trial (PMID: 40527924; Drugs@FDA, searched 27 October 2026). How does SANA work? In mice, SANA increased energy expenditure and heat production in fat tissue through a creatine-dependent pathway, and depleting creatine abolished SANA's effect on the response to cold (PMID: 40527924). SANA worked without uncoupling protein 1 and without AMPK alpha 1 in mice and did not directly uncouple isolated mitochondria (PMID: 40527924). According to the 2025 paper, the molecular target of SANA has not been identified, although the 2023 preprint, which was not peer reviewed, reported binding to the creatine kinases CKMT1 and CKMT2 (PMID: 40527924, PMID: 37502859). Has SANA been tested in humans? SANA was tested in one randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial in 41 volunteers in Adelaide, Australia, registered as ACTRN12622001519741 (PMID: 40527924). The SANA trial gave single doses of up to 800 mg to lean volunteers and up to 15 days of twice-daily dosing to volunteers with overweight or obesity (PMID: 40527924). The primary end point of the SANA trial was safety (PMID: 40527924). Did SANA cause weight loss in people? In the highest-dose group of the SANA phase 1 trial, participants with overweight or obesity lost about 3 percent of body weight over 15 days, and insulin resistance and fructosamine improved (PMID: 40527924). The authors describe these SANA results as preliminary, because the trial was small, short and designed to test safety (PMID: 40527924). Participants in the SANA trial ate a provided high-carbohydrate diet in the clinic and reported no change in appetite (PMID: 40527924). What side effects did SANA cause? Two people in the SANA phase 1 trial had reversible kidney tubule damage, with protein and glucose in the urine, after a single 800 mg dose, the only adverse events judged definitively related to SANA (PMID: 40527924). The most frequent possibly SANA-related events were headache and soft stools, and no severe adverse events were recorded (PMID: 40527924). In mice lacking the creatine kinase CKMT1, SANA at room temperature was followed by a roughly 50 percent increase in mortality within a week (PMID: 40527924). Is SANA the same as salicylate or aspirin? SANA is a derivative of salicylate, the parent compound of aspirin, with a nitroalkene group added at position 5 (PMID: 40527924). In obese mice, SANA had its maximal effect at doses where salicylate was ineffective (PMID: 40527924). The saturated SANA metabolite and SANA isomers with the nitroalkene in other positions did not activate heat production in mice (PMID: 40527924). Related ## Articles on SANA - Melatonin: Dosage, Sleep, Pain, and What's Actually in Your Gummy (2026) Guides, 10 July 2026: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/blog/melatonin-guide Free 2026 Peptide Cheat Sheet (PDF) 38 compounds and blends: vial sizes, BAC water volumes, dosing ranges and bloodwork markers. Download Free (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/peptide-cheat-sheet-download) BodyHackGuide (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/) Your biohacking research hub: compound pricing, brain health protocols, dosing tools, and vendor reviews. support@bodyhackguide.co Join our Discord: https://discord.gg/Mhq5UdRYBA r/BodyHackGuide on Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/BodyHackGuide **Affiliate Disclosure:** We rank every vendor on the same public, reproducible methodology (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/methodology). 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In mice fed a high-fat diet, SANA prevented weight gain and caused weight loss in mice that were already obese without lowering food intake, protected against fatty liver and insulin resistance, and kept working at thermoneutral temperatures and in mice lacking uncoupling protein 1 (PMID: 40527924). The only human data come from a 2025 phase 1 trial in 41 volunteers in Australia, where the highest repeated dose was followed by about 3 percent weight loss over 15 days, a result the authors call preliminary because the trial was designed to test safety (PMID: 40527924). 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In mice fed a high-fat diet, SANA prevented weight gain and caused weight loss in mice that were already obese without lowering food intake, protected against fatty liver and insulin resistance, and kept working at thermoneutral temperatures and in mice lacking uncoupling protein 1 (PMID: 40527924). The only human data come from a 2025 phase 1 trial in 41 volunteers in Australia, where the highest repeated dose was followed by about 3 percent weight loss over 15 days, a result the authors call preliminary because the trial was designed to test safety (PMID: 40527924). SANA is not approved by the FDA: Drugs@FDA returned no record for SANA or MVD1 on 27 October 2026.", "activeIngredient": "SANA", "administrationRoute": "Oral, Subcutaneous", "mechanismOfAction": "A salicylate carrying a nitroalkene group SANA is salicylic acid with a nitroalkene group (a nitro group on a carbon-carbon double bond) at position 5 of the ring (PMID: 40527924, PMID: 40691833). The Montevideo group designed SANA by moving the reactive nitroalkene group of nitrated fatty acids onto salicylate, the parent compound of aspirin (PMID: 40527924). Like other nitroalkenes, SANA reacts with small thiol-containing molecules by Michael addition (PMID: 40527924). In mice, SANA was converted to a saturated metabolite, 5-(2-nitroethyl)salicylic acid (M1), and M1 had no effect on diet-induced obesity (PMID: 40527924). Analogues with the nitroalkene at positions 3 or 4 of salicylate, and one with a longer side chain, did not activate heat production, so the authors concluded that both the nitroalkene group and its position are needed (PMID: 40527924). Creatine-dependent thermogenesis (mouse data) Fat cells can turn energy into heat through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and through other routes, such as a futile cycle of creatine metabolism in beige fat that was described in mice in 2015 (PMID: 26496606). In mice on a high-fat diet, SANA raised mitochondrial respiration in fat cells, increased creatine in inguinal white fat, and raised the expression of creatine metabolism genes such as the mitochondrial creatine kinase CKMT1 (PMID: 40527924). Mice given SANA had a higher surface temperature, and during a short high-fat feeding protocol at 28 degrees Celsius their energy expenditure rose while weight gain did not differ between groups; SANA did not change energy expenditure in mice eating normal chow (PMID: 40527924). Depleting creatine with beta-guanidinopropionic acid abolished SANA's effect on the response to cold, and mice lacking CKMT1 lost the glucose-lowering effect of SANA when housed at thermoneutrality (PMID: 40527924). SANA still worked in mice lacking UCP1 and in mice lacking the alpha 1 subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and it did not directly uncouple isolated mitochondria (PMID: 40527924). Adding SANA directly to fat cells or isolated mitochondria did not change respiration at once, and the authors suggest a slower effect through gene expression (PMID: 40527924). The 2023 preprint version of this work, which was not peer reviewed, reported that SANA binds the mitochondrial creatine kinases CKMT1 and CKMT2 (PMID: 37502859), while the 2025 peer-reviewed paper states that the molecular target of SANA remains to be determined (PMID: 40527924). Human cell data In differentiated human fat cells, 24 hours of SANA increased respiration and raised the expression of creatine kinases including CKMT1 and CKMT2 (PMID: 40527924). Immune effects (animal data) A 2025 study from the same institute reported that SANA activates TMEM176B, an ion channel in immune cells, and prolonged heart graft survival in rats and skin graft survival in mice; in the mouse skin graft model the effect depended on TMEM176B and involved heme oxygenase-1 and more regulatory T cells in the graft (PMID: 40691833). Pharmacokinetics In mice, plasma SANA peaked 0.5 hours after an oral dose of 400 mg/kg and was undetectable at 24 hours, and imaging with radiolabeled SANA showed excretion mainly through the kidneys and intestine (PMID: 40527924). In the phase 1 trial, the authors report pharmacokinetic profiles similar to those in mice and exposure on day 15 of twice-daily dosing comparable to day 1, which indicates no accumulation (PMID: 40527924). BodyHackGuide's creatine guide covers creatine itself. The creatine in this mechanism is the body's own creatine in fat tissue; no study has tested SANA together with creatine supplements.", "legalStatus": "Not approved for human use (research chemical)", "warning": "For research purposes only. Not for human consumption." } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is SANA?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "SANA is 5-(2-nitroethenyl)salicylic acid, an experimental small molecule that adds a nitroalkene group to salicylate, developed at the Institut Pasteur de Montevideo in Uruguay (PMID: 40527924). SANA is called MVD1 in clinical development (PMID: 40527924). SANA is not approved by the FDA and has been tested in people only in one phase 1 trial (PMID: 40527924; Drugs@FDA, searched 27 October 2026)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "How does SANA work?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "In mice, SANA increased energy expenditure and heat production in fat tissue through a creatine-dependent pathway, and depleting creatine abolished SANA's effect on the response to cold (PMID: 40527924). SANA worked without uncoupling protein 1 and without AMPK alpha 1 in mice and did not directly uncouple isolated mitochondria (PMID: 40527924). According to the 2025 paper, the molecular target of SANA has not been identified, although the 2023 preprint, which was not peer reviewed, reported binding to the creatine kinases CKMT1 and CKMT2 (PMID: 40527924, PMID: 37502859)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Has SANA been tested in humans?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "SANA was tested in one randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial in 41 volunteers in Adelaide, Australia, registered as ACTRN12622001519741 (PMID: 40527924). The SANA trial gave single doses of up to 800 mg to lean volunteers and up to 15 days of twice-daily dosing to volunteers with overweight or obesity (PMID: 40527924). The primary end point of the SANA trial was safety (PMID: 40527924)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Did SANA cause weight loss in people?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "In the highest-dose group of the SANA phase 1 trial, participants with overweight or obesity lost about 3 percent of body weight over 15 days, and insulin resistance and fructosamine improved (PMID: 40527924). The authors describe these SANA results as preliminary, because the trial was small, short and designed to test safety (PMID: 40527924). Participants in the SANA trial ate a provided high-carbohydrate diet in the clinic and reported no change in appetite (PMID: 40527924)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "What side effects did SANA cause?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Two people in the SANA phase 1 trial had reversible kidney tubule damage, with protein and glucose in the urine, after a single 800 mg dose, the only adverse events judged definitively related to SANA (PMID: 40527924). The most frequent possibly SANA-related events were headache and soft stools, and no severe adverse events were recorded (PMID: 40527924). In mice lacking the creatine kinase CKMT1, SANA at room temperature was followed by a roughly 50 percent increase in mortality within a week (PMID: 40527924)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Is SANA the same as salicylate or aspirin?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "SANA is a derivative of salicylate, the parent compound of aspirin, with a nitroalkene group added at position 5 (PMID: 40527924). In obese mice, SANA had its maximal effect at doses where salicylate was ineffective (PMID: 40527924). The saturated SANA metabolite and SANA isomers with the nitroalkene in other positions did not activate heat production in mice (PMID: 40527924)." } } ] }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "@id": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co#organization", "name": "BodyHackGuide", "alternateName": "BHG", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/logo.png", "width": 512, "height": 512 }, "description": "Evidence-based research reference for peptides and nootropics. 273 compound profiles, interactive dosing calculators, vendor price comparisons, and trust-scored vendor reviews scored on a public, reproducible methodology applied to every vendor. 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