--- title: "Pancragen: Research & Evidence | BodyHackGuide" url: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/pancragen description: "Pancragen: mechanism, clinical studies & side effects." lang: en --- Skip to content Compare notes on r/BodyHackGuide (https://reddit.com/r/bodyhackguide) Compare notes with other researchers. Join r/BodyHackGuide (https://reddit.com/r/bodyhackguide) Image: Pancragen molecular structure (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/68451868/PNG?image_size=300x300) # Pancragen Bioregulator Peptide (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/wiki#cat-bioregulator-peptide)Clinical (two small human studies) Also known as: Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2, KEDW-NH2, KEDW, H-Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2, lysyl-glutamyl-aspartyl-tryptophanamide, Pankragen Pancragen is a synthetic tetrapeptide, Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2 (KEDW-NH2), from Vladimir Khavinson's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, which lists Pancragen as a regulator of pancreatic function (PMID: 17152728; PMID: 18642713; PMID: 28509500; PMID: 35887081). Price check No vendor listings yet We do not track a vendor for Pancragen yet. Compare other compounds: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compare Half-life: No published human value Route: Intramuscular, Oral MW: 575.6 g/mol Last reviewed: Oct 21, 2026 ## Overview ### At A Glance Mechanism Origin and proposed role… Half-Life No published human value; no pharmacokinetic study of Pancragen in people or animals is indexed in PubMed Routes Intramuscular Oral Potential Benefits Fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index in older adults with type 2 diabetes (2011 study of 33 patients) Glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test in older adults with impaired glucose tolerance (2013 uncontrolled study of 12) Glucose clearance and insulin and C-peptide responses to glucose in old female rhesus monkeys (2014 and 2015 studies) Blood glucose in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes (2007 study) Expression of pancreatic differentiation factors in pancreatic cell cultures (2012 and 2013 cell studies) ### Mechanism of Action ### Origin and proposed role The Khavinson group's 2022 table of short peptides lists Pancragen (KEDW-NH2) as a regulator of pancreatic function (PMID: 35887081). The group's 2020 review of peptides and cell differentiation states that KEDW induces pancreatic cell differentiation (PMID: 31808038). A 2010 paper from the group calls Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2 an endogenous (natural) tetrapeptide, although its abstract does not say where the peptide occurs (PMID: 21246099). A 2014 modeling paper from the group describes the tetrapeptide as a mimetic of insulinotropic peptides, meaning peptides that stimulate insulin release (PMID: 24770759). ### Binding to DNA and histones The group's general model holds that short peptides of two to seven amino acids can enter the cell nucleus and bind histone proteins and DNA, changing which genes are switched on (gene expression) (PMID: 34834147). For Pancragen the supporting data are biochemical and computational: - In a test-tube study, KEDW and five other short peptides bound fluorescently labeled wheat histones H1, H2B, H3 and H4, measured by fluorescence quenching (PMID: 23581987). - A 2014 molecular mechanics study (computer modeling) placed the tetrapeptide in both grooves of the DNA double helix and proposed the sequence GGCAG as its binding site (PMID: 24770759). A 2016 docking study of 19 short peptides placed KEDW at the sequence acct instead (PMID: 27909961). The two models name different sites. - In human pancreatic cell cultures, KEDW changed DNA methylation (chemical tags that can silence genes) at a few sites in the FOXA2 gene promoter, with no link to FOXA2 expression. The authors proposed that promoter methylation changes might explain age-related and peptide-related changes in the expression of the PDX1, PAX6 and NGN3 genes (PMID: 25761685). - The group's 2022 review scored the predicted binding of Pancragen and 26 other short peptides to LAT1, a transporter that carries amino acids into cells, by computer docking (PMID: 35887081). ### Effects measured in cells and tissue Human cells in culture: Pancragen raised the expression of the differentiation factors CXCL12 and Hoxa3 in human embryonic pancreatic cells, more so in aged (late-passage) cultures (PMID: 22808515). In young and aged pancreatic cell cultures, Pancragen raised the acinar and islet cell factors Pdx1, Ptf1a, Pax6, Pax4, Foxa2 and Nkx2.2 (PMID: 23486591). In aged human pancreatic cell cultures, H-Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2 raised the proliferation markers PCNA and Ki67 and the anti-apoptosis protein Mcl1 and lowered the pro-apoptosis protein p53 (PMID: 23734516). Animal tissue in culture: in a 2006 study, Pancragen at 0.05 ng/ml stimulated the growth of pancreatic explants (small pieces of tissue kept alive in a dish) from young and aged rats (PMID: 17152728). ### What is not known No receptor or transporter for Pancragen has been confirmed by experiment. No pharmacokinetic study of Pancragen is indexed in PubMed, so whether Pancragen given by mouth or by injection reaches the pancreas intact has not been measured. ### Overview Pancragen is a synthetic tetrapeptide, Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2 (KEDW-NH2), from Vladimir Khavinson's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, which lists Pancragen as a regulator of pancreatic function (PMID: 17152728; PMID: 18642713; PMID: 28509500; PMID: 35887081). Nearly all of the published work comes from that group and its collaborators and covers human pancreatic cell cultures, diabetic rats and old rhesus monkeys, mostly in Russian journals and their English translations. Two small human studies from a gerontology institute in Kyiv, co-authored by Khavinson, reported lower blood glucose in older adults with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, but neither abstract describes randomization, blinding or a placebo (PMID: 22448364; PMID: 28976155). Pancragen has no entry in the FDA's Drugs@FDA database. ### Potential Research Fields Endocrinology Diabetes Gerontology Short peptide bioregulators Cell biology ## Chemical Information IUPAC Name Not yet available CAS Number Not yet available Molecular Formula C26H37N7O8 Molecular Mass 575.6 g/mol View on PubChem: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68451868 ## Dosing & Protocols ### Unlock the Dosing tab Enter your email to keep reading. It is free, and it opens these tabs on every compound page in this browser. - Route You also get the free peptide cheat sheet by email. Unsubscribe anytime. Have an account? Sign in (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/auth) ## Research ### Unlock the research summary - A summary of the key research - Safety and side effects - A link to the PubMed results ## Interactions ### Interaction Matrix ### Contraindications No contraindications for Pancragen have been studied. A mechanism-based caution follows from the measured effects: Pancragen lowered blood glucose in diabetic rats (PMID: 18642713), in old rhesus monkeys (PMID: 28509500) and in older adults with type 2 diabetes (PMID: 22448364), so the effect of Pancragen alongside insulin, sulfonylureas or other glucose-lowering drugs is a theoretical concern that no study has tested. No study of Pancragen has included pregnant women, children or people with pancreatitis. Research Disclaimer This interaction data is compiled from published research and community reports. It may not be exhaustive. Always consult a healthcare professional before combining compounds. No listings found for Pancragen. ### Sign in to leave a review Reviews on BodyHackGuide are tied to verified user accounts and moderated before publishing. Sign in (free, no spam) to share your experience with Pancragen. ### Related Compounds View All (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/wiki) ### Crystagen Bioregulator Peptide Preclinical Crystagen is a synthetic tripeptide with the amino acid sequence Glu-Asp-Pro (EDP) from Vladimir Khavinson's short-peptide program at the St. t½ No published human value; PubMed lists no pharmacokinetic study of Crystagen in people or animals Preclinical View Profile https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/crystagen ### Epitalon Bioregulator Peptide Preclinical Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. t½ ~30-60 minutes (peptide; biological effects extend long beyond plasma clearance) 47 PubMed View Profile https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/epitalon ### Pineleon Bioregulator Peptide Preclinical Pineleon is a multi-peptide bioregulator blend combining motifs from the Khavinson-school short peptides — typically Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg, a pineal-gland-derived tripeptide) along with epigenetic-tier short peptides like Epitalon and Cortexin-derived sequences. t½ ~variable (constituent peptides range 30 min to several hours) 2 PubMed View Profile https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/pineleon View Full Dosage Guide → Protocols, calculator & safety for Pancragen https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/dosage/pancragen ### Price check No vendor listings yet See the vendor scorecard (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/scorecard) ### Research Score 30 0 PubMed results ### Quality Indicators Data Completeness 63% Description Mechanism of Action Chemical Data Dosing Protocols Safety Profile PubMed Results Interactions Vendor Listings ### Quick Facts Half-Life Molecular Weight 575.6 g/mol Administration Intramuscular, Oral Trial Phase Clinical (two small human studies) Research Disclaimer This information is for educational and research purposes only. Not intended as medical advice. Consult a healthcare professional before use. ## Frequently Asked Questions What is Pancragen? Pancragen is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2 (KEDW-NH2) from Vladimir Khavinson's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology (PMID: 17152728; PMID: 18642713; PMID: 28509500). The Khavinson group lists Pancragen as a regulator of pancreatic function (PMID: 35887081). Which organ is Pancragen linked to? The Khavinson group links Pancragen to the pancreas (PMID: 35887081). In pancreatic cell cultures, Pancragen raised the expression of acinar and islet cell differentiation factors such as Pdx1, Ptf1a, Pax6 and Nkx2.2 (PMID: 23486591). Has Pancragen been tested in people? Pancragen has been tested in two small human studies from a gerontology institute in Kyiv, both co-authored by Khavinson. In a 2011 study that included 33 older adults with type 2 diabetes, fasting glucose, insulin and the insulin resistance index fell in the patients given Pancragen and did not change in those not given Pancragen (PMID: 22448364). In a 2013 uncontrolled study, glucose during a glucose tolerance test fell in half of 12 older adults with impaired glucose tolerance who took Pankragen forte, a Pancragen product the authors describe as a tetrapeptide (PMID: 28976155). Neither abstract of the two human Pancragen studies describes randomization, blinding or a placebo. What did the animal studies of Pancragen find? In old female rhesus monkeys, 10 days of intramuscular Pancragen sped up glucose clearance and normalized insulin and C-peptide responses to glucose (PMID: 25946840). A 2015 study of 9 old monkeys found that Pancragen and the diabetes drug glimepiride both lowered basal glucose (PMID: 28509500). In rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, oral Pancragen produced a pronounced fall in blood glucose (PMID: 18642713). Who has studied Pancragen? All but one of the PubMed-indexed primary studies of Pancragen list Vladimir Khavinson as an author. Pancragen research partners include the Institute of Gerontology in Kyiv, the Research Institute of Medical Primatology in Sochi and a Moscow State University laboratory. No replication of the Pancragen findings by an independent group is indexed in PubMed. Is Pancragen approved by the FDA? Pancragen is not approved by the FDA and has no entry in the Drugs@FDA database (searched 20 October 2026). ClinicalTrials.gov lists no registered trial of Pancragen. What is the chemical identity of Pancragen? Pancragen, written H-Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2, has the formula C26H37N7O8 and a molecular weight of 575.6 g/mol in PubChem (CID 68451868). Pancragen ends in a C-terminal amide (PMID: 18642713), which some abstracts omit when they write the sequence as Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp (PMID: 22808515; PMID: 25946840). PubChem lists no CAS registry number for Pancragen. ## Research Tools ### Peptide Calculator Reconstitution & syringe units https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/reconstitution ### Reconstitution Guide How to mix, step by step https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/how-to-reconstitute-peptides ### Nasal Spray Calc mL per actuation https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/intranasal ### Half-Life Visualizer Decay curves https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/halflife ## You may also like ### CJC-1295 (Mod GRF 1-29) Growth Hormone / IGF-1 Axis View product (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/buy/cjc-1295) ### CJC-1295 with DAC Growth Hormone / IGF-1 Axis View product (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/buy/cjc-1295-dac) ### Epithalon Longevity & Cellular Health View product (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/buy/epithalon) ### DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) Cognition, Mood & Neuroprotection View product (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/buy/dsip) ## Related Compounds ### Crystagen Bioregulator Peptide Preclinical ### Epitalon Bioregulator Peptide Preclinical ### Pineleon Bioregulator Peptide Preclinical ## Research Benches Reference pages that put Pancragen next to the compounds people pair it with: roles, evidence, overlap and conflicts. No dosing. Research use only. 01 research bench Bioregulator Peptides (Khavinson Peptides) Epitalon, Pinealon, Vesugen, Cortagen, Livagen, Thymogen and Pancragen, with the sequence and the source of each 7 compounds human data on 5 of 7 https://www.bodyhackguide.co/stack/bioregulator-peptides Free 2026 Peptide Cheat Sheet (PDF) 38 compounds and blends: vial sizes, BAC water volumes, dosing ranges and bloodwork markers. Download Free (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/peptide-cheat-sheet-download) ### Need bloodwork before starting? Full hormone + metabolic panels from Anabolic Insights. Code CHONCH for first-order discount. Image: BodyHackGuide (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/assets/bodyhackguide-logo-DOzZNUyh.webp) ### BodyHackGuide Your biohacking research hub: compound pricing, brain health protocols, dosing tools, and vendor reviews. support@bodyhackguide.co Join our Discord: https://discord.gg/Mhq5UdRYBA r/BodyHackGuide on Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/BodyHackGuide #### Explore - Compare prices: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compare - Vendors: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors - Deals: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/deals - Coupons: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/coupons - Nootropics: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/nootropics - Brain health: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/brain-health - Blog: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/blog - Guides: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides #### Tools - Reconstitution: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/reconstitution - Half-life visualizer: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/halflife - COA reader: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/coa - Cost calculator: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/cost-calculator - Stack builder: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/stack-builder - All tools: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools #### Trust & vendors - Vendor directory: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors - Trust scorecard: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/scorecard - Vendor trust badge: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/get-vetted - Scoring methodology: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/methodology - Peptide cheat sheet: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/peptide-cheat-sheet-download #### Company - About: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/about - Affiliate disclosure: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/affiliate-disclosure - Editorial standards: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/editorial-standards - Creators: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/creators - Coaches: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/coaches - 1-on-1 coaching: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/coaching - Privacy: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/privacy - Terms: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/terms - Full site directory: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/site-directory **Affiliate Disclosure:** We rank every vendor on the same public, reproducible methodology (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/methodology), and we earn a commission from purchases made through some of our links at no extra cost to you. 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All rights reserved. · Terms (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/terms) · Privacy (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/privacy) ## Structured data ```json [ { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Compounds", "item": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compare" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Pancragen" } ] }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "Pancragen", "description": "Pancragen is a synthetic tetrapeptide, Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2 (KEDW-NH2), from Vladimir Khavinson's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, which lists Pancragen as a regulator of pancreatic function (PMID: 17152728; PMID: 18642713; PMID: 28509500; PMID: 35887081). Nearly all of the published work comes from that group and its collaborators and covers human pancreatic cell cultures, diabetic rats and old rhesus monkeys, mostly in Russian journals and their English translations. Two small human studies from a gerontology institute in Kyiv, co-authored by Khavinson, reported lower blood glucose in older adults with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, but neither abstract describes randomization, blinding or a placebo (PMID: 22448364; PMID: 28976155). 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Nearly all of the published work comes from that group and its collaborators and covers human pancreatic cell cultures, diabetic rats and old rhesus monkeys, mostly in Russian journals and their English translations. Two small human studies from a gerontology institute in Kyiv, co-authored by Khavinson, reported lower blood glucose in older adults with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, but neither abstract describes randomization, blinding or a placebo (PMID: 22448364; PMID: 28976155). Pancragen has no entry in the FDA's Drugs@FDA database.", "activeIngredient": "Pancragen", "administrationRoute": "Intramuscular, Oral", "mechanismOfAction": "Origin and proposed role The Khavinson group's 2022 table of short peptides lists Pancragen (KEDW-NH2) as a regulator of pancreatic function (PMID: 35887081). The group's 2020 review of peptides and cell differentiation states that KEDW induces pancreatic cell differentiation (PMID: 31808038). A 2010 paper from the group calls Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2 an endogenous (natural) tetrapeptide, although its abstract does not say where the peptide occurs (PMID: 21246099). A 2014 modeling paper from the group describes the tetrapeptide as a mimetic of insulinotropic peptides, meaning peptides that stimulate insulin release (PMID: 24770759). Binding to DNA and histones The group's general model holds that short peptides of two to seven amino acids can enter the cell nucleus and bind histone proteins and DNA, changing which genes are switched on (gene expression) (PMID: 34834147). For Pancragen the supporting data are biochemical and computational: In a test-tube study, KEDW and five other short peptides bound fluorescently labeled wheat histones H1, H2B, H3 and H4, measured by fluorescence quenching (PMID: 23581987). A 2014 molecular mechanics study (computer modeling) placed the tetrapeptide in both grooves of the DNA double helix and proposed the sequence GGCAG as its binding site (PMID: 24770759). A 2016 docking study of 19 short peptides placed KEDW at the sequence acct instead (PMID: 27909961). The two models name different sites. In human pancreatic cell cultures, KEDW changed DNA methylation (chemical tags that can silence genes) at a few sites in the FOXA2 gene promoter, with no link to FOXA2 expression. The authors proposed that promoter methylation changes might explain age-related and peptide-related changes in the expression of the PDX1, PAX6 and NGN3 genes (PMID: 25761685). The group's 2022 review scored the predicted binding of Pancragen and 26 other short peptides to LAT1, a transporter that carries amino acids into cells, by computer docking (PMID: 35887081). Effects measured in cells and tissue Human cells in culture: Pancragen raised the expression of the differentiation factors CXCL12 and Hoxa3 in human embryonic pancreatic cells, more so in aged (late-passage) cultures (PMID: 22808515). In young and aged pancreatic cell cultures, Pancragen raised the acinar and islet cell factors Pdx1, Ptf1a, Pax6, Pax4, Foxa2 and Nkx2.2 (PMID: 23486591). In aged human pancreatic cell cultures, H-Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2 raised the proliferation markers PCNA and Ki67 and the anti-apoptosis protein Mcl1 and lowered the pro-apoptosis protein p53 (PMID: 23734516). Animal tissue in culture: in a 2006 study, Pancragen at 0.05 ng/ml stimulated the growth of pancreatic explants (small pieces of tissue kept alive in a dish) from young and aged rats (PMID: 17152728). What is not known No receptor or transporter for Pancragen has been confirmed by experiment. No pharmacokinetic study of Pancragen is indexed in PubMed, so whether Pancragen given by mouth or by injection reaches the pancreas intact has not been measured.", "legalStatus": "Not approved for human use (research chemical)", "warning": "For research purposes only. Not for human consumption." } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is Pancragen?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Pancragen is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2 (KEDW-NH2) from Vladimir Khavinson's St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology (PMID: 17152728; PMID: 18642713; PMID: 28509500). The Khavinson group lists Pancragen as a regulator of pancreatic function (PMID: 35887081)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Which organ is Pancragen linked to?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "The Khavinson group links Pancragen to the pancreas (PMID: 35887081). In pancreatic cell cultures, Pancragen raised the expression of acinar and islet cell differentiation factors such as Pdx1, Ptf1a, Pax6 and Nkx2.2 (PMID: 23486591)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Has Pancragen been tested in people?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Pancragen has been tested in two small human studies from a gerontology institute in Kyiv, both co-authored by Khavinson. In a 2011 study that included 33 older adults with type 2 diabetes, fasting glucose, insulin and the insulin resistance index fell in the patients given Pancragen and did not change in those not given Pancragen (PMID: 22448364). In a 2013 uncontrolled study, glucose during a glucose tolerance test fell in half of 12 older adults with impaired glucose tolerance who took Pankragen forte, a Pancragen product the authors describe as a tetrapeptide (PMID: 28976155). Neither abstract of the two human Pancragen studies describes randomization, blinding or a placebo." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "What did the animal studies of Pancragen find?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "In old female rhesus monkeys, 10 days of intramuscular Pancragen sped up glucose clearance and normalized insulin and C-peptide responses to glucose (PMID: 25946840). A 2015 study of 9 old monkeys found that Pancragen and the diabetes drug glimepiride both lowered basal glucose (PMID: 28509500). In rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, oral Pancragen produced a pronounced fall in blood glucose (PMID: 18642713)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Who has studied Pancragen?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "All but one of the PubMed-indexed primary studies of Pancragen list Vladimir Khavinson as an author. Pancragen research partners include the Institute of Gerontology in Kyiv, the Research Institute of Medical Primatology in Sochi and a Moscow State University laboratory. No replication of the Pancragen findings by an independent group is indexed in PubMed." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Is Pancragen approved by the FDA?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Pancragen is not approved by the FDA and has no entry in the Drugs@FDA database (searched 20 October 2026). ClinicalTrials.gov lists no registered trial of Pancragen." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is the chemical identity of Pancragen?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Pancragen, written H-Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp-NH2, has the formula C26H37N7O8 and a molecular weight of 575.6 g/mol in PubChem (CID 68451868). Pancragen ends in a C-terminal amide (PMID: 18642713), which some abstracts omit when they write the sequence as Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp (PMID: 22808515; PMID: 25946840). 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