--- title: "NADH: Research & Evidence | BodyHackGuide" url: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/nadh description: "NADH: mechanism, clinical studies & side effects. Research compound guides, vendor prices and dosing tools from BodyHackGuide." lang: en --- Skip to content Compare notes on r/BodyHackGuide (https://reddit.com/r/bodyhackguide) Compare notes with other researchers. Join r/BodyHackGuide (https://reddit.com/r/bodyhackguide) Image: NADH molecular structure (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/assets/peptide-structure-placeholder-DUmZBF_j.png) # NADH Mitochondrial Support (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/wiki#cat-mitochondrial-support)Phase 2/3 (NADH with coenzyme Q10) Also known as: Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, beta-NADH, 1,4-Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, DPNH, Reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide, Coenzyme I, reduced NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is the electron-carrying form of the coenzyme NAD, made in the citric acid cycle and fat breakdown and used by complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (PMID: 23527692, PMID: 25730862). NADH is sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement, but no human study measuring blood NADH after an oral dose was found, and in mice swallowed NADH appeared to break down in the gut (PMID: 11459000, PMID: 16802695). Price check No vendor listings yet We do not track a vendor for NADH yet. Compare other compounds: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compare Half-life: No published human value Route: Oral, Sublingual, Intravenous, Intramuscular MW: 665.4 g/mol CAS: 58-68-4 Last reviewed: Oct 21, 2026 ## Overview ### At A Glance Mechanism One coenzyme, two forms… Half-Life No published human value. No human pharmacokinetic study of oral NADH was found, and in mice swallowed NADH did not raise urinary nicotinamide metabolites the way injected NADH did (PMID: 16802695). Routes Oral Sublingual Intravenous Intramuscular Potential Benefits Response rate versus placebo in a 26-patient chronic fatigue syndrome crossover trial (PMID: 10071523) Fatigue scores with NADH plus coenzyme Q10 in an 8-week chronic fatigue syndrome trial (PMID: 25386668, PMID: 26212172) Anxiety scores and peak heart rate after exercise testing in an 86-patient chronic fatigue syndrome trial (PMID: 20447621) Dementia rating scale scores in a 26-patient Alzheimer's disease trial (PMID: 15134388) Cognitive test scores and sleepiness after an eastbound flight in a 35-person jet lag trial (PMID: 12385067) Disability scores in uncontrolled Parkinson's disease case series (PMID: 8101414, PMID: 9013405) Dopamine production in rat PC12 cells (PMID: 9247090) ### Mechanism of Action ### One coenzyme, two forms NAD exists in all living cells in two forms, oxidized NAD+ and reduced NADH (PMID: 25730862). NAD+ is a coenzyme for redox reactions (reactions that move electrons), which makes it central to energy metabolism (PMID: 33353981). The citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) and fat breakdown (beta-oxidation) produce NADH, and complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) oxidizes that NADH back to NAD+, passing its electrons to ubiquinone and pumping protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane (PMID: 23527692). In PubChem's records, NADH (CID 439153, C21H29N7O14P2, 665.4 g/mol) carries two more hydrogen atoms than NAD+ (CID 5892, C21H27N7O14P2, 663.4 g/mol). ### What NAD+ does that NADH does not NAD+ is also consumed by enzymes that do not use it for redox chemistry, including sirtuins, CD38 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) (PMID: 33353981). NAD+ levels decline with age in rodents and humans, and raising them with precursors is the subject of BodyHackGuide's NAD+ (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/nad) guide (PMID: 33353981). NADH is the electron carrier, not the form those enzymes consume (PMID: 33353981). ### The NAD+/NADH balance Cells keep NAD+ and NADH in a balance that reflects their redox state, and the two pools are held separately in different cell compartments (PMID: 28648096). In a magnetic resonance study of healthy human brains, NADH rose with age while NAD+, total NAD and the NAD+/NADH ratio fell (PMID: 25730862). ### The proposed rationale for NADH supplements Proponents of NADH for Parkinson's disease argued that it indirectly supplies reducing equivalents to tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine synthesis, which would raise the brain's own dopamine production (PMID: 9805207). In rat PC12 cells, NADH raised dopamine production up to threefold, which the authors attributed to faster recycling of tetrahydrobiopterin, a tyrosine hydroxylase cofactor; J. G. Birkmayer was a coauthor (PMID: 9247090). In 15 people with Parkinson's disease taking levodopa, intravenous NADH raised plasma levodopa levels on the first day of infusion (PMID: 9013405). ### Does oral NADH reach the body? No human study measuring blood NADH after an oral dose was found. In mice, oral NADH did not raise urinary nicotinamide and its breakdown products, while injected NADH and oral NAD+ or nicotinamide did; NADH held at stomach-like acidity quickly turned into an unidentified compound, which the authors read as NADH being broken down in the digestive tract into compounds that cannot yield nicotinamide (PMID: 16802695). In anesthetized rats, NADH at 50 mg/kg given orally or by injection raised NADH fluorescence measured in the brain cortex (PMID: 12076318). The products tested in human trials were described as stabilized oral or sublingual forms (PMID: 10071523, PMID: 12385067). ### Overview NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is the electron-carrying form of the coenzyme NAD, made in the citric acid cycle and fat breakdown and used by complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (PMID: 23527692, PMID: 25730862). NADH is sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement, but no human study measuring blood NADH after an oral dose was found, and in mice swallowed NADH appeared to break down in the gut (PMID: 11459000, PMID: 16802695). Randomized trials of NADH are small, and the largest, which tested NADH with coenzyme Q10 in 207 people with chronic fatigue syndrome, did not differ from placebo on its primary fatigue endpoint (PMID: 34444817). Much of the early NADH research came from the Birkmayer group in Vienna, whose uncontrolled Parkinson's series reported benefits that a small double-blind trial did not reproduce (PMID: 8101414, PMID: 7887134). ### Potential Research Fields Mitochondrial metabolism Redox biology Chronic fatigue syndrome Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease Dietary supplements ## Chemical Information IUPAC Name Not yet available CAS Number 58-68-4 Molecular Formula C21H29N7O14P2 Molecular Mass 665.4 g/mol Image: NADH molecular structure (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/439153/PNG?image_size=300x300) View on PubChem: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/439153 ## Dosing & Protocols ### Unlock the Dosing tab Enter your email to keep reading. It is free, and it opens these tabs on every compound page in this browser. - Route You also get the free peptide cheat sheet by email. Unsubscribe anytime. Have an account? Sign in (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/auth) ## Research ### Unlock the research summary - A summary of the key research - Safety and side effects - A link to the PubMed results ## Interactions ### Interaction Matrix ### Contraindications **Levodopa.** In a 15-patient open study, intravenous NADH raised plasma levodopa levels on the first day of infusion in people with Parkinson's disease taking levodopa (PMID: 9013405). That is a mechanism-based reason for caution when the two are combined. **Pregnancy and breastfeeding.** No human safety data were found, and the largest NADH trial excluded pregnant and breastfeeding women (PMID: 34444817). Research Disclaimer This interaction data is compiled from published research and community reports. It may not be exhaustive. Always consult a healthcare professional before combining compounds. No listings found for NADH. ### Sign in to leave a review Reviews on BodyHackGuide are tied to verified user accounts and moderated before publishing. Sign in (free, no spam) to share your experience with NADH. ### Related Compounds View All (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/wiki) ### Urolithin A Mitochondrial Support Preclinical Urolithin A (3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one; trade name Mitopure from Timeline Nutrition, formerly Amazentis) is a gut-microbiome-derived metabolite of dietary ellagitannins — polyphenolic compounds found in pomegranates, walnuts, strawberries, raspberries, and several other berries. 7 PubMed View Profile https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/urolithin-a View Full Dosage Guide → Protocols, calculator & safety for NADH https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/dosage/nadh ### Related Articles All Posts (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/blog) #### NAD+ in Longevity and Metabolic Research: A Complete Reference NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a redox coenzyme found in every living cell that shuttles electrons through energy metabolism and also serves as the fuel consumed by sirtuins and PARP DNA-repair enzymes. It is central to longevity research because cellular NAD+ levels fall with age, and that decline is tied to mitochondrial function, DNA-repair signaling, and metabolism. Most evidence is preclinical or early-stage human, and these are research compounds, not products for human consumption. 7/1/2026 https://www.bodyhackguide.co/blog/nad-plus-longevity-research-guide #### Methylene Blue: The Complete Nootropic Guide [2026] How methylene blue works as a nootropic, how it is dosed, why it is dangerous with SSRIs, what the research shows, and where to buy pharmaceutical-grade MB. 4/3/2026 https://www.bodyhackguide.co/blog/methylene-blue-complete-guide ### Price check No vendor listings yet We do not track a vendor for NADH yet. See the vendor scorecard (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/scorecard) ### Research Score 30 0 PubMed results ### Quality Indicators Data Completeness 63% Description Mechanism of Action Chemical Data Dosing Protocols Safety Profile PubMed Results Interactions Vendor Listings ### Quick Facts Half-Life Molecular Weight 665.4 g/mol Administration Oral, Sublingual, Intravenous, Intramuscular CAS Number 58-68-4 Trial Phase Phase 2/3 (NADH with coenzyme Q10) Research Disclaimer This information is for educational and research purposes only. Not intended as medical advice. Consult a healthcare professional before use. ## Frequently Asked Questions What is NADH? NADH is the reduced, electron-carrying form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme found in all living cells (PMID: 25730862). NADH is produced by the citric acid cycle and fat breakdown, and complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain oxidizes NADH to pass its electrons to ubiquinone (PMID: 23527692). NADH is also sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement (PMID: 11459000). What is the difference between NADH and NAD+? NADH and NAD+ are the reduced and oxidized forms of the same coenzyme, and cells convert one into the other during energy metabolism (PMID: 25730862, PMID: 23527692). NADH delivers electrons to the respiratory chain, while NAD+ is the form consumed by sirtuins, PARPs and CD38 (PMID: 23527692, PMID: 33353981). In healthy human brains, NADH levels rose with age while NAD+ levels fell (PMID: 25730862). Is oral NADH absorbed? No human study measuring blood NADH after an oral dose of NADH was found. In mice, oral NADH did not raise urinary nicotinamide metabolites the way injected NADH did, and NADH broke down quickly at stomach-like acidity (PMID: 16802695). In anesthetized rats, NADH given orally or by injection raised NADH fluorescence in the brain cortex (PMID: 12076318). Does NADH help chronic fatigue syndrome? In a 26-patient chronic fatigue syndrome crossover trial, 31 percent of patients responded to NADH versus 8 percent to placebo (PMID: 10071523). In an 86-patient chronic fatigue syndrome trial of NADH alone, most measures did not differ from placebo (PMID: 20447621). In the largest NADH trial in chronic fatigue syndrome, NADH with coenzyme Q10 did not differ from placebo on its primary fatigue endpoint in 207 women, and a 2025 systematic review judged the ME/CFS supplement trials, including those of NADH, to carry a high risk of bias (PMID: 34444817, PMID: 39940333). Does NADH help Parkinson's disease? An open-label series of 885 Parkinson's patients from the Birkmayer Institute in Vienna reported improvement in about 80 percent with NADH, without a control group (PMID: 8101414). A small double-blind trial of injected NADH found no significant change compared with saline (PMID: 7887134). A 1998 review concluded that recommendations of NADH for Parkinson's disease were premature (PMID: 9805207). Does NADH help memory or dementia? In a 26-patient randomized trial, people with Alzheimer's disease given NADH for 6 months scored higher than placebo on a dementia rating scale, with no difference in memory or attention (PMID: 15134388). In a 3-month open study of 25 people with dementia, NADH showed no cognitive effect (PMID: 11459000). In a 35-person jet lag trial, sublingual NADH was linked to better scores on 4 cognitive measures (PMID: 12385067). Is NADH safe? Trials of NADH in chronic fatigue syndrome and jet lag reported no severe adverse effects (PMID: 10071523, PMID: 12385067). In the 207-patient trial of NADH with coenzyme Q10, dropouts for adverse effects were similar to placebo and no serious adverse events were reported (PMID: 34444817). No human safety data on NADH in pregnancy were found. ## Research Tools ### Peptide Calculator Reconstitution & syringe units https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/reconstitution ### Reconstitution Guide How to mix, step by step https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/how-to-reconstitute-peptides ### Nasal Spray Calc mL per actuation https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/intranasal ### Half-Life Visualizer Decay curves https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/halflife ## You may also like Related products are unavailable right now. ## Related Compounds ### Urolithin A Mitochondrial Support Preclinical Free 2026 Peptide Cheat Sheet (PDF) 38 compounds and blends: vial sizes, BAC water volumes, dosing ranges and bloodwork markers. Download Free (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/peptide-cheat-sheet-download) ### Need bloodwork before starting? Full hormone + metabolic panels from Anabolic Insights. Code CHONCH for first-order discount. 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All rights reserved. · Terms (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/terms) · Privacy (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/privacy) ## Structured data ```json [ { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Compounds", "item": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compare" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "NADH" } ] }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "NADH", "description": "NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is the electron-carrying form of the coenzyme NAD, made in the citric acid cycle and fat breakdown and used by complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (PMID: 23527692, PMID: 25730862). NADH is sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement, but no human study measuring blood NADH after an oral dose was found, and in mice swallowed NADH appeared to break down in the gut (PMID: 11459000, PMID: 16802695). Randomized trials of NADH are small, and the largest, which tested NADH with coenzyme Q10 in 207 people with chronic fatigue syndrome, did not differ from placebo on its primary fatigue endpoint (PMID: 34444817). 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NADH is sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement, but no human study measuring blood NADH after an oral dose was found, and in mice swallowed NADH appeared to break down in the gut (PMID: 11459000, PMID: 16802695). Randomized trials of NADH are small, and the largest, which tested NADH with coenzyme Q10 in 207 people with chronic fatigue syndrome, did not differ from placebo on its primary fatigue endpoint (PMID: 34444817). Much of the early NADH research came from the Birkmayer group in Vienna, whose uncontrolled Parkinson's series reported benefits that a small double-blind trial did not reproduce (PMID: 8101414, PMID: 7887134).", "activeIngredient": "NADH", "administrationRoute": "Oral, Sublingual, Intravenous, Intramuscular", "mechanismOfAction": "One coenzyme, two forms NAD exists in all living cells in two forms, oxidized NAD+ and reduced NADH (PMID: 25730862). NAD+ is a coenzyme for redox reactions (reactions that move electrons), which makes it central to energy metabolism (PMID: 33353981). The citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) and fat breakdown (beta-oxidation) produce NADH, and complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) oxidizes that NADH back to NAD+, passing its electrons to ubiquinone and pumping protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane (PMID: 23527692). In PubChem's records, NADH (CID 439153, C21H29N7O14P2, 665.4 g/mol) carries two more hydrogen atoms than NAD+ (CID 5892, C21H27N7O14P2, 663.4 g/mol). What NAD+ does that NADH does not NAD+ is also consumed by enzymes that do not use it for redox chemistry, including sirtuins, CD38 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) (PMID: 33353981). NAD+ levels decline with age in rodents and humans, and raising them with precursors is the subject of BodyHackGuide's NAD+ guide (PMID: 33353981). NADH is the electron carrier, not the form those enzymes consume (PMID: 33353981). The NAD+/NADH balance Cells keep NAD+ and NADH in a balance that reflects their redox state, and the two pools are held separately in different cell compartments (PMID: 28648096). In a magnetic resonance study of healthy human brains, NADH rose with age while NAD+, total NAD and the NAD+/NADH ratio fell (PMID: 25730862). The proposed rationale for NADH supplements Proponents of NADH for Parkinson's disease argued that it indirectly supplies reducing equivalents to tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine synthesis, which would raise the brain's own dopamine production (PMID: 9805207). In rat PC12 cells, NADH raised dopamine production up to threefold, which the authors attributed to faster recycling of tetrahydrobiopterin, a tyrosine hydroxylase cofactor; J. G. Birkmayer was a coauthor (PMID: 9247090). In 15 people with Parkinson's disease taking levodopa, intravenous NADH raised plasma levodopa levels on the first day of infusion (PMID: 9013405). Does oral NADH reach the body? No human study measuring blood NADH after an oral dose was found. In mice, oral NADH did not raise urinary nicotinamide and its breakdown products, while injected NADH and oral NAD+ or nicotinamide did; NADH held at stomach-like acidity quickly turned into an unidentified compound, which the authors read as NADH being broken down in the digestive tract into compounds that cannot yield nicotinamide (PMID: 16802695). In anesthetized rats, NADH at 50 mg/kg given orally or by injection raised NADH fluorescence measured in the brain cortex (PMID: 12076318). The products tested in human trials were described as stabilized oral or sublingual forms (PMID: 10071523, PMID: 12385067).", "legalStatus": "Not approved for human use (research chemical)", "warning": "For research purposes only. Not for human consumption." } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is NADH?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "NADH is the reduced, electron-carrying form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme found in all living cells (PMID: 25730862). NADH is produced by the citric acid cycle and fat breakdown, and complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain oxidizes NADH to pass its electrons to ubiquinone (PMID: 23527692). NADH is also sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement (PMID: 11459000)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is the difference between NADH and NAD+?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "NADH and NAD+ are the reduced and oxidized forms of the same coenzyme, and cells convert one into the other during energy metabolism (PMID: 25730862, PMID: 23527692). NADH delivers electrons to the respiratory chain, while NAD+ is the form consumed by sirtuins, PARPs and CD38 (PMID: 23527692, PMID: 33353981). In healthy human brains, NADH levels rose with age while NAD+ levels fell (PMID: 25730862)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Is oral NADH absorbed?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "No human study measuring blood NADH after an oral dose of NADH was found. In mice, oral NADH did not raise urinary nicotinamide metabolites the way injected NADH did, and NADH broke down quickly at stomach-like acidity (PMID: 16802695). In anesthetized rats, NADH given orally or by injection raised NADH fluorescence in the brain cortex (PMID: 12076318)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Does NADH help chronic fatigue syndrome?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "In a 26-patient chronic fatigue syndrome crossover trial, 31 percent of patients responded to NADH versus 8 percent to placebo (PMID: 10071523). In an 86-patient chronic fatigue syndrome trial of NADH alone, most measures did not differ from placebo (PMID: 20447621). In the largest NADH trial in chronic fatigue syndrome, NADH with coenzyme Q10 did not differ from placebo on its primary fatigue endpoint in 207 women, and a 2025 systematic review judged the ME/CFS supplement trials, including those of NADH, to carry a high risk of bias (PMID: 34444817, PMID: 39940333)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Does NADH help Parkinson's disease?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "An open-label series of 885 Parkinson's patients from the Birkmayer Institute in Vienna reported improvement in about 80 percent with NADH, without a control group (PMID: 8101414). A small double-blind trial of injected NADH found no significant change compared with saline (PMID: 7887134). A 1998 review concluded that recommendations of NADH for Parkinson's disease were premature (PMID: 9805207)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Does NADH help memory or dementia?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "In a 26-patient randomized trial, people with Alzheimer's disease given NADH for 6 months scored higher than placebo on a dementia rating scale, with no difference in memory or attention (PMID: 15134388). In a 3-month open study of 25 people with dementia, NADH showed no cognitive effect (PMID: 11459000). In a 35-person jet lag trial, sublingual NADH was linked to better scores on 4 cognitive measures (PMID: 12385067)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Is NADH safe?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Trials of NADH in chronic fatigue syndrome and jet lag reported no severe adverse effects (PMID: 10071523, PMID: 12385067). In the 207-patient trial of NADH with coenzyme Q10, dropouts for adverse effects were similar to placebo and no serious adverse events were reported (PMID: 34444817). No human safety data on NADH in pregnancy were found." } } ] }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "@id": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co#organization", "name": "BodyHackGuide", "alternateName": "BHG", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/logo.png", "width": 512, "height": 512 }, "description": "Evidence-based research reference for peptides and nootropics. 273 compound profiles, interactive dosing calculators, vendor price comparisons, and trust-scored vendor reviews scored on a public, reproducible methodology applied to every vendor. 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