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5.  Cardarine (GW501516) 

![Cardarine (GW501516) molecular structure](/assets/peptide-structure-placeholder-DUmZBF_j.png)

# Cardarine (GW501516)

Metabolic Discontinued 

Download  PDF

Also known as: GW501516, GW-501516, GW1516, GSK-516, Endurobol, Cardarin 

Cardarine is the market name for GW501516, a synthetic agonist of the nuclear receptor PPAR-delta developed by GlaxoSmithKline as a treatment for low HDL cholesterol and the lipid problems that travel with metabolic syndrome. It is not a SARM and has nothing to do with androgen receptors, despite being sold alongside them.

Half-Life:  Not reported in the published human trials; the phase 1 and phase 2 studies described lipid outcomes over two to twelve weeks of oral dosing without publishing a terminal half-life (PMID: 17110604; PMID: 22814748) Route:  Oral MW:  453.51 g/mol CAS:  317318-70-0 

Last reviewed: Sep 7, 2026 

[

Metabolic

Category



](/wiki#cat-metabolic)

Discontinued

Research Stage

OverviewChemical InfoDosing & ProtocolsInteractionsResearchCompare Prices1 Related

## Overview

### Best Price Available

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### At A Glance

Mechanism 

GW501516 is a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-delta, also written PPAR-beta/delta), a ligand-activated transcription factor expressed strongly in skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue and macrophages. Binding activates transcription of… 

Half-Life 

Not reported in the published human trials; the phase 1 and phase 2 studies described lipid outcomes over two to twelve weeks of oral dosing without publishing a terminal half-life (PMID: 17110604; PMID: 22814748)

Routes 

Oral 

Potential Benefits 

Raised HDL cholesterol by up to 16.9 percent and lowered triglycerides by 16.9 percent over twelve weeks in 268 adults with low HDL cholesterol (PMID: 22814748) Lowered fasting triglycerides by 30 percent and liver fat content by 20 percent over two weeks in moderately overweight men (PMID: 18024853) Increased HDL cholesterol and improved post-meal fat clearance over two weeks in healthy sedentary volunteers (PMID: 17110604) Increased oxidative muscle fibers and treadmill running endurance when combined with training in mice (PMID: 18674809) Increased fatty acid oxidation and CPT1, CD36 and ABCA1 expression in cultured human skeletal muscle cells (PMID: 17110604) 

### Overview

Cardarine is the market name for GW501516, a synthetic agonist of the nuclear receptor PPAR-delta developed by GlaxoSmithKline as a treatment for low HDL cholesterol and the lipid problems that travel with metabolic syndrome. It is not a SARM and has nothing to do with androgen receptors, despite being sold alongside them. Company trials reached phase 2 and the program ended there. GW501516 has never been approved by any regulator. PPAR-delta is a transcription factor found in muscle, fat and liver that controls the genes for burning fat. Turning it on shifts cells toward using fatty acids for fuel instead of carbohydrate. In human skeletal muscle cells, GW501516 increased fat oxidation and raised expression of CPT1, CD36 and ABCA1 (PMID: 17110604). The endurance reputation is built on rodent work. In mice, a PPAR-delta agonist combined with exercise training increased oxidative muscle fibers and running endurance beyond training alone, and the same paper coined the phrase exercise mimetic (PMID: 18674809). Mice treated with GW501516 also showed improved muscle function in a muscular dystrophy model (PMID: 22908954). No human trial has ever measured endurance, VO2max or time to exhaustion on this drug. What the human trials did measure was blood lipids. In healthy volunteers dosed for two weeks, HDL cholesterol rose in both treatment groups while it fell on placebo, and clearance of fat after a meal improved (PMID: 17110604). In 268 people with low HDL, twelve weeks of treatment raised HDL by up to 16.9 percent and lowered triglycerides by 16.9 percent, apolipoprotein B by 14.9 percent and LDL cholesterol by 7.3 percent (PMID: 22814748). Two weeks in moderately overweight men lowered triglycerides by 30 percent and liver fat by 20 percent (PMID: 18024853), and a crossover study in dyslipidemic men with central obesity mapped the lipoprotein kinetics behind those changes (PMID: 21816786). The cancer question is the reason this compound is not on pharmacy shelves. In Apc(min) mice, which are prone to intestinal polyps, GW501516 significantly increased both the number and the size of polyps, with a fivefold rise in polyps larger than 2 mm (PMID: 14758356). A later mouse study found that the same agonist accelerated colorectal tumorigenesis while a PPAR-delta antagonist suppressed it (PMID: 30679176). Reviewing that work, researchers warned in print that PPAR-delta agonists then in development for dyslipidemia and obesity might raise tumor risk in humans (PMID: 15539957). GW1516 was added to the WADA prohibited list in January 2009 and its urinary metabolites were characterized for routine doping control (PMID: 19946680). When 44 internet products sold as SARMs were analyzed, GW501516 was among the unapproved drugs found in products that did not declare it (PMID: 29183075).

### Potential Research Fields

PPAR-delta signaling Lipid metabolism Exercise mimetics Sports drug testing 

## Chemical Information

IUPAC Name

Not yet available 

CAS Number

317318-70-0

Molecular Formula

C21H18F3NO3S2

Molecular Mass

453.51 g/mol

![Cardarine (GW501516) molecular structure](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/9803963/PNG)

[View on PubChem](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9803963)

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## Interactions

### Contraindications

Mechanism-based and animal-data-based: the demonstrated promotion of intestinal tumor growth in mice argues against use by anyone with a personal or family history of colorectal polyps, colorectal cancer or Lynch-type syndromes (PMID: 14758356; PMID: 30679176). No human pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, hepatic or renal impairment data exist. Prohibited at all times in tested sport under WADA section S4.4 (PMID: 19946680).

Research Disclaimer

This interaction data is compiled from published research and community reports. It may not be exhaustive. Always consult a healthcare professional before combining compounds.

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### Vendors Selling Cardarine (GW501516)

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#### Disguised Alpha

1 listing · from $84.99 





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### Related Compounds

[View All](/wiki)

[

### AICAR (acadesine)

Metabolic Phase 3 

AICAR is a nucleoside analog of adenosine.

t½ Intact acadesine was measurable in plasma for only about 2 hours after a short intravenous infusion in four healthy men, with total plasma clearance of 2.2 L/h/kg and negligible protein binding; radiolabeled drug-derived material had an apparent terminal half-life of about one week, reflecting metabolites rather than parent compound (PMID: 8227467) 

Preclinical View Profile 

](/compound/aicar)[

### Amlexanox

Metabolic FDA Approved 

Amlexanox is an old anti-inflammatory drug with a second life.

t½ Not established in published human pharmacokinetic studies for the oral capsule form; a validated plasma assay has been used for preclinical pharmacokinetics in rats (PMID: 34842293) 

Preclinical View Profile 

](/compound/amlexanox)[

### Berberine

Metabolic Preclinical 

Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid — a naturally occurring plant secondary metabolite with a characteristic yellow color — extracted from the roots, rhizomes, stems, and bark of several plant genera including Berberis (barberry, Oregon grape), Coptis (goldthread), Hydrastis (goldenseal), Phellodendron (Amur cork tree), and Tinospora (guduchi).

Preclinical View Profile 

](/compound/berberine)[

### Metformin

Metabolic Preclinical 

Metformin is a biguanide-class oral antihyperglycemic medication that has been in continuous clinical use since 1957 (in France under the brand name Glucophage) and is now the most-prescribed diabetes medication worldwide with over 150 million prescriptions annually.

Preclinical View Profile 

](/compound/metformin)[

### SLU-PP-915

Metabolic Preclinical 

SLU-PP-915 is an experimental agonist of the estrogen-related receptors, a family of three orphan nuclear receptors called ERR-alpha, ERR-beta and ERR-gamma that control genes for mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation and the Krebs cycle.

t½ Not established in humans; in mice it is orally bioavailable and active by both oral and intraperitoneal routes, unlike its predecessor SLU-PP-332 (PMID: 41421047) 

Preclinical View Profile 

](/compound/slu-pp-915)[

### Sobetirome (GC-1)

Metabolic Discontinued 

Sobetirome, also called GC-1 and later QRX-431, is a synthetic analog of thyroid hormone made in Thomas Scanlan laboratory and first described in 1998 as a high-affinity, subtype-selective agonist for the thyroid hormone receptor (PMID: 9653548).

t½ Not established in humans; no peer-reviewed human pharmacokinetic study has been published, and the phase 1 program results were not reported in the peer-reviewed literature (PMID: 19002578) 

Preclinical View Profile 

](/compound/sobetirome)

[

View Full Dosage Guide →

Protocols, calculator & safety for Cardarine (GW501516)



](/guides/dosage/cardarine)

### Best Price

![Disguised Alpha logo](https://disguisedalpha.com/wp-content/themes/assets/logos/disguised-logo-2x.png)

Disguised Alpha

$84.99

[Buy Now](https://disguisedalpha.com/product/cardarine/?coupon=reddit)

1 vendors · 1 listings

### Research Score

30 

0 PubMed studies

### Quality Indicators

Data Completeness

63% 

Description 

Mechanism of Action 

Chemical Data 

Dosing Protocols 

Safety Profile 

PubMed Studies 

Interactions 

Vendor Listings 

### Quick Facts

Half-Life

Not reported in the published human trials; the phase 1 and phase 2 studies described lipid outcomes over two to twelve weeks of oral dosing without publishing a terminal half-life (PMID: 17110604; PMID: 22814748)

Molecular Weight

453.51 g/mol

Administration

Oral

CAS Number

317318-70-0

Trial Phase

Discontinued

0

[Full Dosage Guide](/guides/dosage/cardarine)[Calculate Your Dose](/tools/reconstitution)

Research Disclaimer

This information is for educational and research purposes only. Not intended as medical advice. Consult a healthcare professional before use.

## Frequently Asked Questions

What is Cardarine (GW501516) used for in research?

Cardarine is the market name for GW501516, a synthetic agonist of the nuclear receptor PPAR-delta developed by GlaxoSmithKline as a treatment for low HDL cholesterol and the lipid problems that travel with metabolic syndrome. It is not a SARM and has nothing to do with androgen receptors, despite being sold alongside them. Company trials reached phase 2 and the program ended there. GW501516 has never been approved by any regulator.

PPAR-delta is a transcription factor found in muscle, fat and liver that controls the genes for burning fat. Turning it on shifts cells toward using fatty acids for fuel instead of carbohydrate. In human skeletal muscle cells, GW501516 increased fat oxidation and raised expression of CPT1, CD36 and ABCA1 (PMID: 17110604).

The endurance reputation is built on rodent work. In mice, a PPAR-delta agonist combined with exercise training increased oxidative muscle fibers and running endurance beyond training alone, and the same paper coined the phrase exercise mimetic (PMID: 18674809). Mice treated with GW501516 also showed improved muscle function in a muscular dystrophy model (PMID: 22908954). No human trial has ever measured endurance, VO2max or time to exhaustion on this drug.

What the human trials did measure was blood lipids. In healthy volunteers dosed for two weeks, HDL cholesterol rose in both treatment groups while it fell on placebo, and clearance of fat after a meal improved (PMID: 17110604). In 268 people with low HDL, twelve weeks of treatment raised HDL by up to 16.9 percent and lowered triglycerides by 16.9 percent, apolipoprotein B by 14.9 percent and LDL cholesterol by 7.3 percent (PMID: 22814748). Two weeks in moderately overweight men lowered triglycerides by 30 percent and liver fat by 20 percent (PMID: 18024853), and a crossover study in dyslipidemic men with central obesity mapped the lipoprotein kinetics behind those changes (PMID: 21816786).

The cancer question is the reason this compound is not on pharmacy shelves. In Apc(min) mice, which are prone to intestinal polyps, GW501516 significantly increased both the number and the size of polyps, with a fivefold rise in polyps larger than 2 mm (PMID: 14758356). A later mouse study found that the same agonist accelerated colorectal tumorigenesis while a PPAR-delta antagonist suppressed it (PMID: 30679176). Reviewing that work, researchers warned in print that PPAR-delta agonists then in development for dyslipidemia and obesity might raise tumor risk in humans (PMID: 15539957).

GW1516 was added to the WADA prohibited list in January 2009 and its urinary metabolites were characterized for routine doping control (PMID: 19946680). When 44 internet products sold as SARMs were analyzed, GW501516 was among the unapproved drugs found in products that did not declare it (PMID: 29183075).

What forms does Cardarine (GW501516) come in?

Cardarine (GW501516) is available in liquid form.

How much does Cardarine (GW501516) cost?

Prices start at $84.99 across 1 verified vendor.

How do I compare Cardarine (GW501516) vendors?

Compare prices, payment methods, shipping, and COA scores across 1 vendor.

## Research Tools

[

### Peptide Calculator

Reconstitution & syringe units



](/tools/reconstitution)[

### Reconstitution Guide

How to mix, step by step



](/guides/how-to-reconstitute-peptides)[

### Nasal Spray Calc

mL per actuation



](/tools/intranasal)[

### Half-Life Visualizer

Decay curves



](/tools/halflife)

## Related Compounds

[View All](/wiki)

[

### AICAR (acadesine)

Metabolic Phase 3 

AICAR is a nucleoside analog of adenosine.

t½ Intact acadesine was measurable in plasma for only about 2 hours after a short intravenous infusion in four healthy men, with total plasma clearance of 2.2 L/h/kg and negligible protein binding; radiolabeled drug-derived material had an apparent terminal half-life of about one week, reflecting metabolites rather than parent compound (PMID: 8227467) 

Preclinical View Profile 

](/compound/aicar)[

### Amlexanox

Metabolic FDA Approved 

Amlexanox is an old anti-inflammatory drug with a second life.

t½ Not established in published human pharmacokinetic studies for the oral capsule form; a validated plasma assay has been used for preclinical pharmacokinetics in rats (PMID: 34842293) 

Preclinical View Profile 

](/compound/amlexanox)[

### Berberine

Metabolic Preclinical 

Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid — a naturally occurring plant secondary metabolite with a characteristic yellow color — extracted from the roots, rhizomes, stems, and bark of several plant genera including Berberis (barberry, Oregon grape), Coptis (goldthread), Hydrastis (goldenseal), Phellodendron (Amur cork tree), and Tinospora (guduchi).

Preclinical View Profile 

](/compound/berberine)[

### Metformin

Metabolic Preclinical 

Metformin is a biguanide-class oral antihyperglycemic medication that has been in continuous clinical use since 1957 (in France under the brand name Glucophage) and is now the most-prescribed diabetes medication worldwide with over 150 million prescriptions annually.

Preclinical View Profile 

](/compound/metformin)[

### SLU-PP-915

Metabolic Preclinical 

SLU-PP-915 is an experimental agonist of the estrogen-related receptors, a family of three orphan nuclear receptors called ERR-alpha, ERR-beta and ERR-gamma that control genes for mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation and the Krebs cycle.

t½ Not established in humans; in mice it is orally bioavailable and active by both oral and intraperitoneal routes, unlike its predecessor SLU-PP-332 (PMID: 41421047) 

Preclinical View Profile 

](/compound/slu-pp-915)[

### Sobetirome (GC-1)

Metabolic Discontinued 

Sobetirome, also called GC-1 and later QRX-431, is a synthetic analog of thyroid hormone made in Thomas Scanlan laboratory and first described in 1998 as a high-affinity, subtype-selective agonist for the thyroid hormone receptor (PMID: 9653548).

t½ Not established in humans; no peer-reviewed human pharmacokinetic study has been published, and the phase 1 program results were not reported in the peer-reviewed literature (PMID: 19002578) 

Preclinical View Profile 

](/compound/sobetirome)

Free 2026 Peptide Cheat Sheet — 50 pages, PDF

Reconstitution math, concentration charts, half-lives, and vendor trust tiers. The reference we wish we had on day one.

[Download Free](/guides/peptide-cheat-sheet-download?utm_source=compound-cardarine)

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