--- title: "BPAP: Research & Side Effects | BodyHackGuide" url: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/bpap description: "BPAP: mechanism, clinical studies & side effects. Research compound guides, vendor prices and dosing tools from BodyHackGuide." lang: en --- Skip to content Compare notes on r/BodyHackGuide (https://reddit.com/r/bodyhackguide) Compare notes with other researchers. Join r/BodyHackGuide (https://reddit.com/r/bodyhackguide) # BPAP Nootropics: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/wiki#cat-nootropics Status Preclinical,, not approved for human use Evidence Not graded on a research bench yet BPAP, or (-)-BPAP, is a synthetic benzofuran compound, (R)-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, developed by Joseph Knoll's group at Semmelweis University in Budapest with Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation of Osaka as a potential successor to selegiline (deprenyl). Reviewed 27 October 2026 01 Overview ## What BPAP is Knoll's group classes BPAP as a catecholaminergic and serotonergic activity enhancer: in rat brain tissue BPAP increased the release of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin triggered by nerve impulses at concentrations of 10^-12 molar and below (down to 10^-16 molar for noradrenaline), without releasing stored catecholamines by itself (PMID: 10588928, PMID: 12204771, PMID: 14659999). Published BPAP research consists of animal, cell and review papers: searches of PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov on 25 October 2026 found no study in people, and 38 of the 40 BPAP papers found on PubMed list Knoll, Ildiko Miklya or the Fujimoto researchers Fumio Yoneda or Seiichiro Shimazu as authors. In one rat study BPAP-treated rats lived longer than saline-treated rats, but a later study that started BPAP in old rats found no effect on lifespan or on four cognitive tasks (PMID: 27777099, PMID: 37306892). ### How it works ### The enhancer concept Joseph Knoll proposed that some brainstem neurons can be shifted to a higher activity level by enhancer substances, which amplify the transmitter release triggered by each nerve impulse (catecholaminergic and serotonergic activity enhancer effect) (PMID: 12834268, PMID: 15093948). In this scheme the trace amines beta-phenylethylamine and tryptamine are the body's own enhancers, selegiline is a synthetic enhancer derived from beta-phenylethylamine, and BPAP is a synthetic enhancer derived from tryptamine (PMID: 15093948, PMID: 27777099). BPAP came out of a series of 65 new compounds made by changing the aromatic ring of (-)-PPAP, a selegiline analogue without MAO-B inhibitory activity, and was selected as the most potent and selective of them (PMID: 10588928, PMID: 27480491). Read the full mechanism Show less ### Release of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin (rat tissue) In isolated rat brainstem, BPAP increased the nerve-stimulation-induced release of labelled noradrenaline and dopamine at 0.18 micromolar and of serotonin at 36 nanomolar, and in slices of single rat brain regions it raised release at 10^-12 to 10^-14 molar (PMID: 10588928). The concentration-effect curves were bell-shaped and came in two ranges: noradrenaline release from the rat locus coeruleus rose from 10^-16 molar, peaked at 10^-13 molar and was back to control at 10^-10 molar, then rose again from 10^-8 molar to a second peak at 10^-6 molar (PMID: 12204771). In rats given 0.0005 mg/kg BPAP under the skin, locus coeruleus tissue removed 30 minutes later released more than three times as much noradrenaline as tissue from saline-treated rats, while a dose 100 times higher had no effect (PMID: 12204771). In the same brainstem preparation, uptake blockers (desipramine, fluoxetine), MAO inhibitors (clorgyline, lazabemide) and dopamine agonists did not increase stimulation-evoked release, which the authors took as evidence that the enhancer effect is a separate mechanism (PMID: 12697274). ### Other targets measured in the laboratory BPAP has measurable actions besides the enhancer effect. In human embryonic kidney cells carrying the human transporters, BPAP blocked uptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin with IC50 values of 42, 52 and 640 nanomolar, and in rat brain synaptosomes it did not release noradrenaline or dopamine itself but blocked tyramine-induced release (PMID: 14659999). The 1999 paper that introduced BPAP had reported no inhibition of the plasma membrane amine transporter, a weak and selective inhibition of monoamine oxidase A in mouse brain (IC50 0.4 micromolar, against 280 micromolar for MAO-B) that the authors called pharmacologically insignificant, and, among the catecholamine and serotonin receptors tested, binding only to alpha2-adrenoceptors at 10 micromolar (PMID: 10588928). Later papers from Semmelweis University proposed that enhancer substances act at distinct sites on the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) (PMID: 28623006) and, from rat striatal slice experiments, that BPAP increases vesicular dopamine release through the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) (PMID: 35955676, PMID: 39903411). A Nagasaki University group reported that BPAP kept rat cortical neurons alive in serum-free culture through sigma receptors, although BPAP displaced a sigma receptor ligand only weakly (PMID: 11100977). ### Neurotrophic factors and cell survival (cell studies) In cultured mouse astrocytes, 0.35 millimolar BPAP for 24 hours raised secreted nerve growth factor up to 120-fold, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) twofold and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor sevenfold (PMID: 12147307). A second astrocyte study found these effects only at micromolar to millimolar concentrations and none in the femtomolar to picomolar range of the enhancer effect (PMID: 12679194). In rat midbrain slice cultures BPAP raised BDNF mRNA and protein and the mRNA of the BDNF receptor trkB (PMID: 16079507), and after hypoxia and reoxygenation BPAP protected cultured human brain capillary endothelial cells and rat PC12 cells at both femtomolar to picomolar and micromolar concentrations (PMID: 16624331). ### Pharmacokinetics (rats) In rats given carbon-14 labelled BPAP, radioactivity was well absorbed after intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and oral dosing, peaked at 30 to 60 minutes with a second peak at 4 hours that the authors attributed to enterohepatic circulation, reached the brain, and was cleared mainly in urine with a half-life of 5.5 to 5.8 hours; more than 90 percent was recovered in excreta within 72 hours (PMID: 12365195). No pharmacokinetic study in people appears on PubMed. ### Studied for - Neuropharmacology - Monoamine neurotransmission - Trace amine pharmacology - Parkinson's disease models - Depression models - Aging and longevity in rodents - Addiction models - Experimental oncology ### Benefits listed - Impulse-evoked release of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in rat brain tissue (PMID: 10588928, PMID: 12204771) - Avoidance learning in tetrabenazine-treated rats in the shuttle box, with about 130 times the potency of selegiline (PMID: 10588928) - Lifespan of male Wistar rats in one longevity study, not reproduced in a study that started treatment in old Long-Evans rats (PMID: 27777099, PMID: 37306892) - Locomotor activity and reversal of reserpine-induced low activity in rats (PMID: 11516435, PMID: 12527038) Show 4 more Show less - Social interaction, prepulse inhibition and fear learning in rodent depression models (PMID: 18243357) - Cue- and drug-primed reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking in rats (PMID: 19883738) - Nerve growth factor, BDNF and GDNF output of cultured mouse astrocytes at micromolar to millimolar concentrations (PMID: 12147307, PMID: 12679194) - Fibromyxosarcoma counts in a rat longevity study and tumor growth in a mouse lung adenocarcinoma model (PMID: 28623006, PMID: 30734151) 02 Research Free with email ## What the research shows No research bench grades BPAP yet. Benches compare compounds people pair, with the evidence for each. ### Unlock the research summary Enter your email to keep reading. It is free, and it opens these sections on every compound page in this browser. - A summary of the key research - Safety and side effects - A link to the PubMed results You also get the free peptide cheat sheet by email. Unsubscribe anytime. Have an account? Sign in (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/auth) 03 Safety ## BPAP side effects and interactions ### Side effects Not in our record Our record lists no side effects for BPAP. That means none are recorded here, not that there are none. The Research section has the written safety notes. ### Who should not use it Contraindications No contraindications are established for BPAP because no human study has been published. The cautions that follow are mechanism-based and come from laboratory findings. **Stimulants and reuptake-blocking drugs.** BPAP blocked uptake through the human dopamine and noradrenaline transporters in cells (IC50 42 and 52 nanomolar) (PMID: 14659999), and apart from a rat methamphetamine self-administration study (PMID: 19883738), no BPAP paper found on PubMed tested BPAP together with drugs that act on these transporters. **MAO inhibitors.** BPAP weakly inhibited MAO-A in mouse brain (PMID: 10588928), and no BPAP paper found on PubMed tested BPAP together with an MAO inhibitor. **Levodopa.** In reserpine-treated rats, BPAP greatly increased the motor effect of levodopa (PMID: 12527038). **Pregnancy and breastfeeding.** PubMed lists no reproductive or developmental study of BPAP. ### Interactions 5 pairings in our record: 3 with a caution and 2 to monitor. - Levodopa Caution In reserpine-treated rats, subthreshold doses of BPAP and levodopa strongly increased locomotor activity when given together (PMID: 12527038). No human study has tested the combination. - MAO inhibitors, including selegiline Caution BPAP weakly and selectively inhibited MAO-A in mouse brain homogenate (IC50 0.4 micromolar) (PMID: 10588928). Rat studies gave BPAP and selegiline to separate groups, and no BPAP paper found on PubMed tested BPAP together with an MAO inhibitor (PMID: 27777099). - Stimulants and dopamine or noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors Caution BPAP blocked uptake through the human dopamine and noradrenaline transporters in cell assays (IC50 42 and 52 nanomolar) (PMID: 14659999). Apart from a rat study in which BPAP did not change methamphetamine self-administration (PMID: 19883738), no BPAP paper found on PubMed tested BPAP together with stimulants or reuptake-inhibiting drugs. - Tyramine Monitor BPAP did not release noradrenaline itself and blocked tyramine-induced noradrenaline release in rat brain synaptosomes and in rabbit pulmonary artery strips (PMID: 14659999, PMID: 10588928). These are laboratory findings with no human data. - Methamphetamine Monitor In rats trained to self-administer methamphetamine, BPAP did not change methamphetamine intake and reduced reinstatement of drug seeking (PMID: 19883738). In rat striatal slices methamphetamine released dopamine by a non-vesicular route, while BPAP increased vesicular release (PMID: 35955676). This interaction data is compiled from published research and community reports. It may not be exhaustive. Always consult a healthcare professional before combining compounds. Need bloodwork before starting? Full hormone + metabolic panels from Anabolic Insights. Code CHONCH for first-order discount. Order Bloodwork (https://anabolicinsights.ai/?ref=nwm2zjb) 04 Dosing Free with email ## Dosing No dose on record Our record lists no dose for BPAP. This section holds what it does list. ### Unlock the Dosing section - Route 05 Prices ## BPAP prices No listings We do not track a vendor for BPAP yet, so this page states no price. 06 Chemistry ## Chemistry and structure Molecular formula C16H23NO Molecular mass 245.36 g/mol CAS number 260550-89-8 Half-life No published human value. In rats given carbon-14 labelled BPAP, radioactivity had an elimination half-life of 5.5 to 5.8 hours (PMID: 12365195). View on PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9816303) 07 Related ## Related to BPAP ### In the same category - 9-Me-BC (9-Methyl-β-carboline)Preclinical 9-Methyl--carboline (9-Me-BC) is a synthetic -carboline alkaloid that has drawn nootropic-community interest for a preclinical property that is genuinely unusual among -carbolines: in rodent and cell-culture studies it appears to stimulate the dopaminergic phenotype - raising tyrosine hydroxylase, the number of differentiated dopamine neurons and dopamine content - while also showing neuroprotective, neurorestorative and anti-inflammatory effects, plus in-vitro MAO-A/MAO-B inhibition [PMID:17913302, PMID:20374418, PMID:32285253].: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/9-mbc - AniracetamApproved Aniracetam is a pyrrolidinone in the racetam family, developed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the code Ro 13-5057.: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/aniracetam - Bemethyl (bemitil)Approved Bemethyl, known in the Russian literature as bemitil and sold in the region under names including Metaprot, Bemactor and Antihot, is 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole, normally handled as the hydrobromide salt.: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/bemethyl - BromantaneRussia Approved Bromantane is an atypical psychostimulant and anxiolytic developed in the 1980s at the Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, originally created as an adaptogen for Soviet military and elite athletic use and later approved in Russia for the treatment of neurasthenic and asthenic disorders under the trade name Ladasten.: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/bromantane - CaffeineApproved Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a natural methylxanthine alkaloid found in the seeds, fruits, leaves, and bark of over 60 plant species — most notably Coffea (coffee), Camellia sinensis (tea), Theobroma cacao (cacao), Paullinia cupana (guaraná), Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate), and Cola acuminata (kola nut).: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/caffeine - ColuracetamPhase 2 Coluracetam is a racetam-related nootropic, coded MKC-231, that was described in 1996 by a group at the Yokohama Research Center of Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation as a compound that raises high-affinity choline uptake, the rate-limiting step in making acetylcholine.: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/coluracetam All compounds (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/wiki) ### Compare BPAP - Alternatives to BPAP: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/alternatives-to/bpap ### Research tools - Peptide Calculator Reconstitution and syringe units: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/reconstitution - Reconstitution Guide How to mix, step by step: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/how-to-reconstitute-peptides - Nasal Spray Calc mL per actuation: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/intranasal - Half-Life Visualizer Decay curves: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/halflife All articles (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/blog) 08 Questions ## Frequently asked questions What is BPAP? BPAP, also written (-)-BPAP, is the synthetic compound (R)-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, developed by Joseph Knoll's group at Semmelweis University in Budapest with Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation of Osaka (PMID: 10588928, PMID: 11377178). Knoll's group selected BPAP in 1999 from 65 newly made compounds as a potential successor to selegiline (PMID: 10588928). BPAP has a molecular weight of 245.36 g/mol and the formula C16H23NO in PubChem (CID 9816303). What does it mean that BPAP is an enhancer? Knoll's group calls BPAP a catecholaminergic and serotonergic activity enhancer, meaning that BPAP increases the transmitter release triggered by nerve impulses without releasing stored catecholamines by itself (PMID: 10588928, PMID: 15093948). In rat brain tissue, BPAP increased noradrenaline release with bell-shaped concentration curves that peaked near 10^-13 molar and again near 10^-6 molar (PMID: 12204771). In cell assays BPAP also blocked dopamine and noradrenaline uptake, and in mouse brain BPAP weakly inhibited MAO-A, so the enhancer effect is not BPAP's only action (PMID: 14659999, PMID: 10588928). Has BPAP been tested in people? No study of BPAP in people appears on PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov lists no BPAP trial (both searched 25 October 2026). A 2004 paper by Miklya and Gaszner proposed a placebo-controlled prevention trial of BPAP in older women, but no results of any human BPAP trial have been published (PMID: 15825676). All BPAP findings come from animals, cultured cells and tissue preparations. How is BPAP related to selegiline? Selegiline, also called (-)-deprenyl, is an MAO-B inhibitor used in Parkinson's disease that Knoll's group later described as a synthetic enhancer derived from beta-phenylethylamine, and BPAP was developed as a more potent enhancer derived from tryptamine (PMID: 27480491, PMID: 27777099). In the rat shuttle box test, BPAP was about 130 times more potent than selegiline (PMID: 10588928). Unlike selegiline, BPAP is a weak inhibitor of MAO-A rather than an inhibitor of MAO-B (PMID: 10588928). Did BPAP extend lifespan in animals? In a 2016 study, male Wistar rats given BPAP three times a week from 10 weeks of age, in groups of 40, lived significantly longer than saline-treated rats (PMID: 27777099). A 2023 study that started BPAP in 27-month-old Long-Evans rats found no effect of BPAP on lifespan or on four cognitive tasks (PMID: 37306892). Every BPAP lifespan study on PubMed was done in rats, and no human data on BPAP and aging exist. What is known about BPAP safety? No human safety data exist for BPAP because no human study has been published. In rats BPAP raised locomotor activity at doses from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg (PMID: 11516435), and in a 2023 rat study gross autopsy findings did not differ between BPAP and saline groups (PMID: 37306892). Combinations of BPAP with other medicines have been tested only in animals and cells, and in reserpine-treated rats BPAP strengthened the motor effect of levodopa (PMID: 12527038). Is BPAP an approved drug? BPAP is not approved by the FDA and has no record in Drugs@FDA (openFDA search, 25 October 2026). PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov list no BPAP study in people, so BPAP has no established medical use. Free 2026 Peptide Cheat Sheet (PDF) 38 compounds and blends: vial sizes, BAC water volumes, dosing ranges and bloodwork markers. 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All rights reserved. - Terms: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/terms - Privacy: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/privacy ## Structured data ```json [ { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Compounds", "item": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compare" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "BPAP" } ] }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "MedicalWebPage", "name": "BPAP", "description": "BPAP, or (-)-BPAP, is a synthetic benzofuran compound, (R)-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, developed by Joseph Knoll's group at Semmelweis University in Budapest with Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation of Osaka as a potential successor to selegiline (deprenyl) (PMID: 10588928, PMID: 11377178). Knoll's group classes BPAP as a catecholaminergic and serotonergic activity enhancer: in rat brain tissue BPAP increased the release of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin triggered by nerve impulses at concentrations of 10^-12 molar and below (down to 10^-16 molar for noradrenaline), without releasing stored catecholamines by itself (PMID: 10588928, PMID: 12204771, PMID: 14659999). Published BPAP research consists of animal, cell and review papers: searches of PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov on 25 October 2026 found no study in people, and 38 of the 40 BPAP papers found on PubMed list Knoll, Ildiko Miklya or the Fujimoto researchers Fumio Yoneda or Seiichiro Shimazu as authors. In one rat study BPAP-treated rats lived longer than saline-treated rats, but a later study that started BPAP in old rats found no effect on lifespan or on four cognitive tasks (PMID: 27777099, PMID: 37306892).", "lastReviewed": "2026-10-27T21:50:55.540Z", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/bpap", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "BioChonch", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/about", "jobTitle": "Founder & Lead Researcher", "sameAs": [ "https://reddit.com/r/BodyHackGuide", "https://reddit.com/r/BrainHackGuide", "https://reddit.com/r/Biohackingher" ], "worksFor": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "BodyHackGuide", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co" } }, "reviewedBy": { "@type": "Person", "name": "BioChonch", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/about", "jobTitle": "Founder & Lead Researcher", "sameAs": [ "https://reddit.com/r/BodyHackGuide", "https://reddit.com/r/BrainHackGuide", "https://reddit.com/r/Biohackingher" ], "worksFor": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "BodyHackGuide", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co" } }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "BodyHackGuide", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co" }, "mainContentOfPage": { "@type": "WebPageElement", "cssSelector": "main" }, "about": { "@type": "Drug", "name": "BPAP", "alternateName": [ "(-)-BPAP", "R-(-)-BPAP", "(R)-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane", "(2R)-1-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-N-propylpentan-2-amine", "1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane", "Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane" ], "description": "BPAP, or (-)-BPAP, is a synthetic benzofuran compound, (R)-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, developed by Joseph Knoll's group at Semmelweis University in Budapest with Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation of Osaka as a potential successor to selegiline (deprenyl) (PMID: 10588928, PMID: 11377178). Knoll's group classes BPAP as a catecholaminergic and serotonergic activity enhancer: in rat brain tissue BPAP increased the release of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin triggered by nerve impulses at concentrations of 10^-12 molar and below (down to 10^-16 molar for noradrenaline), without releasing stored catecholamines by itself (PMID: 10588928, PMID: 12204771, PMID: 14659999). Published BPAP research consists of animal, cell and review papers: searches of PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov on 25 October 2026 found no study in people, and 38 of the 40 BPAP papers found on PubMed list Knoll, Ildiko Miklya or the Fujimoto researchers Fumio Yoneda or Seiichiro Shimazu as authors. In one rat study BPAP-treated rats lived longer than saline-treated rats, but a later study that started BPAP in old rats found no effect on lifespan or on four cognitive tasks (PMID: 27777099, PMID: 37306892).", "activeIngredient": "BPAP", "administrationRoute": "Subcutaneous, Intraperitoneal, Oral", "mechanismOfAction": "The enhancer concept Joseph Knoll proposed that some brainstem neurons can be shifted to a higher activity level by enhancer substances, which amplify the transmitter release triggered by each nerve impulse (catecholaminergic and serotonergic activity enhancer effect) (PMID: 12834268, PMID: 15093948). In this scheme the trace amines beta-phenylethylamine and tryptamine are the body's own enhancers, selegiline is a synthetic enhancer derived from beta-phenylethylamine, and BPAP is a synthetic enhancer derived from tryptamine (PMID: 15093948, PMID: 27777099). BPAP came out of a series of 65 new compounds made by changing the aromatic ring of (-)-PPAP, a selegiline analogue without MAO-B inhibitory activity, and was selected as the most potent and selective of them (PMID: 10588928, PMID: 27480491). Release of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin (rat tissue) In isolated rat brainstem, BPAP increased the nerve-stimulation-induced release of labelled noradrenaline and dopamine at 0.18 micromolar and of serotonin at 36 nanomolar, and in slices of single rat brain regions it raised release at 10^-12 to 10^-14 molar (PMID: 10588928). The concentration-effect curves were bell-shaped and came in two ranges: noradrenaline release from the rat locus coeruleus rose from 10^-16 molar, peaked at 10^-13 molar and was back to control at 10^-10 molar, then rose again from 10^-8 molar to a second peak at 10^-6 molar (PMID: 12204771). In rats given 0.0005 mg/kg BPAP under the skin, locus coeruleus tissue removed 30 minutes later released more than three times as much noradrenaline as tissue from saline-treated rats, while a dose 100 times higher had no effect (PMID: 12204771). In the same brainstem preparation, uptake blockers (desipramine, fluoxetine), MAO inhibitors (clorgyline, lazabemide) and dopamine agonists did not increase stimulation-evoked release, which the authors took as evidence that the enhancer effect is a separate mechanism (PMID: 12697274). Other targets measured in the laboratory BPAP has measurable actions besides the enhancer effect. In human embryonic kidney cells carrying the human transporters, BPAP blocked uptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin with IC50 values of 42, 52 and 640 nanomolar, and in rat brain synaptosomes it did not release noradrenaline or dopamine itself but blocked tyramine-induced release (PMID: 14659999). The 1999 paper that introduced BPAP had reported no inhibition of the plasma membrane amine transporter, a weak and selective inhibition of monoamine oxidase A in mouse brain (IC50 0.4 micromolar, against 280 micromolar for MAO-B) that the authors called pharmacologically insignificant, and, among the catecholamine and serotonin receptors tested, binding only to alpha2-adrenoceptors at 10 micromolar (PMID: 10588928). Later papers from Semmelweis University proposed that enhancer substances act at distinct sites on the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) (PMID: 28623006) and, from rat striatal slice experiments, that BPAP increases vesicular dopamine release through the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) (PMID: 35955676, PMID: 39903411). A Nagasaki University group reported that BPAP kept rat cortical neurons alive in serum-free culture through sigma receptors, although BPAP displaced a sigma receptor ligand only weakly (PMID: 11100977). Neurotrophic factors and cell survival (cell studies) In cultured mouse astrocytes, 0.35 millimolar BPAP for 24 hours raised secreted nerve growth factor up to 120-fold, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) twofold and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor sevenfold (PMID: 12147307). A second astrocyte study found these effects only at micromolar to millimolar concentrations and none in the femtomolar to picomolar range of the enhancer effect (PMID: 12679194). In rat midbrain slice cultures BPAP raised BDNF mRNA and protein and the mRNA of the BDNF receptor trkB (PMID: 16079507), and after hypoxia and reoxygenation BPAP protected cultured human brain capillary endothelial cells and rat PC12 cells at both femtomolar to picomolar and micromolar concentrations (PMID: 16624331). Pharmacokinetics (rats) In rats given carbon-14 labelled BPAP, radioactivity was well absorbed after intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and oral dosing, peaked at 30 to 60 minutes with a second peak at 4 hours that the authors attributed to enterohepatic circulation, reached the brain, and was cleared mainly in urine with a half-life of 5.5 to 5.8 hours; more than 90 percent was recovered in excreta within 72 hours (PMID: 12365195). No pharmacokinetic study in people appears on PubMed.", "legalStatus": "Not approved for human use (research chemical)", "warning": "For research purposes only. Not for human consumption." } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is BPAP?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "BPAP, also written (-)-BPAP, is the synthetic compound (R)-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, developed by Joseph Knoll's group at Semmelweis University in Budapest with Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation of Osaka (PMID: 10588928, PMID: 11377178). Knoll's group selected BPAP in 1999 from 65 newly made compounds as a potential successor to selegiline (PMID: 10588928). BPAP has a molecular weight of 245.36 g/mol and the formula C16H23NO in PubChem (CID 9816303)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "What does it mean that BPAP is an enhancer?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Knoll's group calls BPAP a catecholaminergic and serotonergic activity enhancer, meaning that BPAP increases the transmitter release triggered by nerve impulses without releasing stored catecholamines by itself (PMID: 10588928, PMID: 15093948). In rat brain tissue, BPAP increased noradrenaline release with bell-shaped concentration curves that peaked near 10^-13 molar and again near 10^-6 molar (PMID: 12204771). In cell assays BPAP also blocked dopamine and noradrenaline uptake, and in mouse brain BPAP weakly inhibited MAO-A, so the enhancer effect is not BPAP's only action (PMID: 14659999, PMID: 10588928)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Has BPAP been tested in people?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "No study of BPAP in people appears on PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov lists no BPAP trial (both searched 25 October 2026). A 2004 paper by Miklya and Gaszner proposed a placebo-controlled prevention trial of BPAP in older women, but no results of any human BPAP trial have been published (PMID: 15825676). All BPAP findings come from animals, cultured cells and tissue preparations." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "How is BPAP related to selegiline?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Selegiline, also called (-)-deprenyl, is an MAO-B inhibitor used in Parkinson's disease that Knoll's group later described as a synthetic enhancer derived from beta-phenylethylamine, and BPAP was developed as a more potent enhancer derived from tryptamine (PMID: 27480491, PMID: 27777099). In the rat shuttle box test, BPAP was about 130 times more potent than selegiline (PMID: 10588928). Unlike selegiline, BPAP is a weak inhibitor of MAO-A rather than an inhibitor of MAO-B (PMID: 10588928)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Did BPAP extend lifespan in animals?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "In a 2016 study, male Wistar rats given BPAP three times a week from 10 weeks of age, in groups of 40, lived significantly longer than saline-treated rats (PMID: 27777099). A 2023 study that started BPAP in 27-month-old Long-Evans rats found no effect of BPAP on lifespan or on four cognitive tasks (PMID: 37306892). Every BPAP lifespan study on PubMed was done in rats, and no human data on BPAP and aging exist." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is known about BPAP safety?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "No human safety data exist for BPAP because no human study has been published. In rats BPAP raised locomotor activity at doses from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg (PMID: 11516435), and in a 2023 rat study gross autopsy findings did not differ between BPAP and saline groups (PMID: 37306892). Combinations of BPAP with other medicines have been tested only in animals and cells, and in reserpine-treated rats BPAP strengthened the motor effect of levodopa (PMID: 12527038)." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Is BPAP an approved drug?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "BPAP is not approved by the FDA and has no record in Drugs@FDA (openFDA search, 25 October 2026). PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov list no BPAP study in people, so BPAP has no established medical use." } } ] }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "@id": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co#organization", "name": "BodyHackGuide", "alternateName": "BHG", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/logo.png", "width": 512, "height": 512 }, "description": "Evidence-based research reference for peptides and nootropics. 273 compound profiles, interactive dosing calculators, vendor price comparisons, and trust-scored vendor reviews scored on a public, reproducible methodology applied to every vendor. 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