--- title: "Aniracetam: Dosing & Vendor Prices | BodyHackGuide" url: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/aniracetam description: "Aniracetam: dosing protocols, mechanism & side effects. Compare 1 current vendor prices." lang: en --- Skip to content Compare notes on r/BodyHackGuide (https://reddit.com/r/bodyhackguide) Compare notes with other researchers. Join r/BodyHackGuide (https://reddit.com/r/bodyhackguide) Image: Aniracetam molecular structure (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/assets/peptide-structure-placeholder-DUmZBF_j.png) # Aniracetam Nootropics (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/wiki#cat-nootropics)Approved (Italy) Also known as: Ro 13-5057, Draganon, Sarpul, Ampamet, Memodrin, 1-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, 1-p-anisoyl-2-pyrrolidinone Aniracetam is a pyrrolidinone in the racetam family, developed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the code Ro 13-5057. The first detailed pharmacology paper, published in 1982 by the Roche group, reported that oral aniracetam prevented or reversed several forms of experimentally induced amnesia in rats and mice, with bell-shaped dose-response curves and roughly ten times the potency of piracetam (PMID: 6817363). Image: Disguised Alpha logo (https://disguisedalpha.com/wp-content/themes/assets/logos/disguised-logo-2x.png) Lowest price per mg $0.186/mg $64.99 for 350mg at Disguised Alpha Buy at Disguised Alpha: https://disguisedalpha.com/product/aniracetam/?coupon=reddit Half-life: About half an hour for the parent drug in humans Route: Oral MW: 219.24 g/mol CAS: 72432-10-1 Last reviewed: Oct 2, 2026 ## Overview ### At A Glance Mechanism Aniracetam is a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors. It binds at the two-fold axis of the GluA2 ligand-binding domain dimer interface, adjacent to the hinge of the clamshell, and stabilizes the closed glutamate-bound conformation, which slows… Half-Life About half an hour for the parent drug in humans. Plasma elimination half-life was 0.47 to 0.49 hours after a single 400 mg oral dose in 20 healthy male volunteers (PMID: 19025058). Aniracetam is extensively metabolized to N-anisoyl-GABA and anisic acid; in six elderly hospitalized patients with cerebrovascular disease and reduced creatinine clearance, metabolite half-life was 4 to 7 times longer than in young volunteers (PMID: 9062694). Routes Oral Potential Benefits Prevented or reversed amnesia from hypercapnia, scopolamine, electroconvulsive shock and protein synthesis inhibitors in rats and mice (PMID: 6817363) Improved delayed-response performance in an eight-arm radial maze in rats (PMID: 1611039) Improved contextual fear conditioning and increased hippocampal gamma-PKC activation in DBA/2J mice (PMID: 11918291) Reversed sleep-deprivation-induced passive avoidance deficits in Wistar rats (PMID: 24079994) Reduced immobility in the forced swim test in aged rats but not young rats, an effect attributed to its metabolites (PMID: 11702095) Improved psychobehavioral scores versus placebo over six months in 109 patients with mild to moderate probable Alzheimer type dementia (PMID: 1822317) ### Overview Aniracetam is a pyrrolidinone in the racetam family, developed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the code Ro 13-5057. The first detailed pharmacology paper, published in 1982 by the Roche group, reported that oral aniracetam prevented or reversed several forms of experimentally induced amnesia in rats and mice, with bell-shaped dose-response curves and roughly ten times the potency of piracetam (PMID: 6817363). It went on to be sold as a prescription medicine in parts of Europe under names including Ampamet and Memodrin, indicated for cognitive and behavioral symptoms in older patients, and in Japan under the names Draganon and Sarpul. It has never been approved in the United States. Nearly all of the aniracetam bought by consumers today is bulk powder or capsules supplied as a research chemical rather than a licensed medicine. The best characterized action is positive allosteric modulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Aniracetam potentiated ionotropic quisqualate and AMPA responses in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA, and potentiated excitatory postsynaptic potentials in rat hippocampal slices (PMID: 1975272). Patch-clamp work in guinea pig hippocampal slices showed that it reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents (PMID: 1660156). Cocrystal structures of the GluA2 ligand-binding core later placed aniracetam at the dimer interface, where it stabilizes the closed, glutamate-bound conformation and slows deactivation (PMID: 16192394). Animal work consistently shows restoration of impaired performance rather than improvement of normal performance. Aniracetam improved delayed-response performance in an eight-arm radial maze in rats (PMID: 1611039), improved contextual fear conditioning in DBA/2J mice along with increased membrane-bound hippocampal gamma-PKC (PMID: 11918291), and reversed passive avoidance deficits in sleep-deprived Wistar rats (PMID: 24079994). In healthy animals the picture is different: daily oral aniracetam produced no measurable change across spatial, associative, motor and anxiety tasks in normal C57BL/6J mice (PMID: 25099639), and it had no effect on delayed matching-to-sample performance in neurologically healthy pigeons (PMID: 31002681). The human record is mixed and mostly from the late 1980s and early 1990s. A 109-patient, six-month, placebo-controlled multicenter study in mild to moderate probable Alzheimer type dementia reported significant differences favoring aniracetam on psychobehavioral measures (PMID: 1822317), while a 44-patient double-blind study found no difference from placebo (PMID: 3103163). A 1994 review concluded the evidence supported continued evaluation rather than established efficacy (PMID: 8199398), and a 2010 review of piracetam-like drugs reported that aniracetam and oxiracetam were no longer in clinical use (PMID: 20166767). Two practical points. First, the parent molecule barely survives first-pass metabolism, so most of what circulates is metabolite (PMID: 19025058), and formulation chemists describe aniracetam as having low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability (PMID: 30453664). Second, in February 2019 the United States Food and Drug Administration told a nootropics seller that aniracetam is not a dietary supplement ingredient and that products containing it are unapproved new drugs. In the United States it is a research-use-only compound. ### Potential Research Fields Cognitive enhancement AMPA receptor pharmacology Dementia Nootropics ## Chemical Information IUPAC Name Not yet available CAS Number 72432-10-1 Molecular Formula C12H13NO3 Molecular Mass 219.24 g/mol Image: Aniracetam molecular structure (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/2196/PNG) View on PubChem: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2196 ## Dosing & Protocols ### Unlock the Dosing tab Enter your email to keep reading. It is free, and it opens these tabs on every compound page in this browser. - Route You also get the free peptide cheat sheet by email. Unsubscribe anytime. Have an account? Sign in (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/auth) ## Research ### Unlock the research summary - A summary of the key research - Safety and side effects - A link to the PubMed results ## Interactions ### Contraindications No contraindication list is reproduced here from European product information. Mechanism-based and pharmacokinetic cautions: clearance depends on hepatic metabolism and renal elimination of metabolites, and elderly patients with cerebrovascular disease and low creatinine clearance showed 4 to 7 fold longer metabolite half-lives (PMID: 9062694). Positive modulation of AMPA receptors increases excitatory transmission and slows synaptic current decay (PMID: 1660156), which is a mechanism-based reason for caution in people with seizure disorders. In alcohol-preferring rats, aniracetam increased operant alcohol self-administration and potentiated cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking (PMID: 23126443). Research Disclaimer This interaction data is compiled from published research and community reports. It may not be exhaustive. Always consult a healthcare professional before combining compounds. Best Price $64.99 Best $/mg $0.1857 Vendors 1 Listings 1 powder Form Sort | Vendor | Product | Form | Qty | Price | $/mg | Coupon | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Image: Disguised Alpha logo (https://disguisedalpha.com/wp-content/themes/assets/logos/disguised-logo-2x.png) Disguised Alpha (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/disguised-alpha) 50: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendor-trust-scorecard 🇺🇸 US 🇪🇺 EU 🇬🇧 UK | Aniracetam 350 mg | powder | 1 bottle (350 mg) ● In Stock | $64.99 BEST | $0.186 | — | Buy: https://disguisedalpha.com/product/aniracetam/?coupon=reddit | ### Sign in to leave a review Reviews on BodyHackGuide are tied to verified user accounts and moderated before publishing. Sign in (free, no spam) to share your experience with Aniracetam. Current low $64.99 current listings 7-day low — not enough history yet 30-day low — not enough history yet 30-day change — not enough history yet Tracking since Sep 7, 2026 · 1 data point ### Vendors Selling Aniracetam #### Disguised Alpha 1 listing · from $64.99 https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/disguised-alpha How we score these vendors Every supplier above is graded 0 to 100 on COA verification, payment transparency, shipping, reviews, and active listings. Methodology published, no pay-to-rank. View Scorecard (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/scorecard) ### Related Compounds View All (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/wiki) ### 9-Me-BC (9-Methyl-β-carboline) Nootropics Preclinical 9-Methyl--carboline (9-Me-BC) is a synthetic -carboline alkaloid that has drawn nootropic-community interest for a preclinical property that is genuinely unusual among -carbolines: in rodent and cell-culture studies it appears to stimulate the dopaminergic phenotype - raising tyrosine hydroxylase, the number of differentiated dopamine neurons and dopamine content - while also showing neuroprotective, neurorestorative and anti-inflammatory effects, plus in-vitro MAO-A/MAO-B inhibition [PMID:17913302, PMID:20374418, PMID:32285253]. t½ Not characterized in humans (no pharmacokinetic data). Community/anecdotal only: ~5-25 mg per day, oral. No validated or approved human dose exists. 6 PubMed View Profile https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/9-mbc ### Bemethyl (bemitil) Nootropics Approved (Russia) Bemethyl, known in the Russian literature as bemitil and sold in the region under names including Metaprot, Bemactor and Antihot, is 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole, normally handled as the hydrobromide salt. t½ Not established in humans; in healthy volunteers given a single 250 mg oral dose of the Metaprot capsule form, peak serum ethylthiobenzimidazole averaged 0.91 microg/mL at about 1.06 h, and no terminal half-life was reported (PMID: 21870773) Preclinical View Profile https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/bemethyl ### Bromantane Nootropics Russia Approved Bromantane is an atypical psychostimulant and anxiolytic developed in the 1980s at the Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, originally created as an adaptogen for Soviet military and elite athletic use and later approved in Russia for the treatment of neurasthenic and asthenic disorders under the trade name Ladasten. 34 PubMed View Profile https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/bromantane ### Cyclazodone Nootropics Preclinical Cyclazodone is the N-cyclopropyl derivative of pemoline, a 4-oxazolidinone stimulant. Preclinical View Profile https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/cyclazodone ### Dihexa Nootropics Preclinical Dihexa is a synthetic peptide analogue of the angiotensin IV metabolite LVV-hemorphin-7, developed at Washington State University. t½ Not characterized in humans. Dihexa was engineered for metabolic stability (resistant to plasma and enzymatic degradation) and blood-brain-barrier penetration; in preclinical work its central procognitive effects appear to outlast its plasma presence. 5 to 40 mg oral per day (anecdotal range; no established human dose) 1 PubMed View Profile https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/dihexa ### Fasoracetam (NS-105) Nootropics Phase 2 Fasoracetam is a racetam developed by Nippon Shinyaku in Japan under the code NS-105 and taken into clinical development for vascular dementia. t½ Mean terminal half-life 4.82 hours, range 4.06 to 6.99 hours, after single oral doses in adolescents aged 12 to 17, with the drug excreted for the most part unchanged through the kidneys (PMID: 29339723). After intravenous dosing in animals, elimination half-life was 0.67 hours in rats, 2.1 hours in dogs and 1.3 hours in monkeys, with high systemic availability after oral dosing in all three species (PMID: 10604039). Preclinical View Profile https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/fasoracetam View Full Dosage Guide → Protocols, calculator & safety for Aniracetam https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/dosage/aniracetam ### Related Articles All Posts (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/blog) #### Can Nootropics Replace Alcohol? The Social Confidence Stack Guide Nootropic alternatives to alcohol for social situations. We cover kava, kanna, and L-theanine, the safety warnings on phenibut, and stacks for social confidence. 4/3/2026 https://www.bodyhackguide.co/blog/nootropics-replace-alcohol-social-confidence #### The Biohacker's Complete Nootropic Stack Guide 10 research-backed nootropic stacks for every goal: focus, memory, anxiety, sleep, motivation, creativity, and more. Complete dosing protocols, timing, cycling, and product recommendations. 4/1/2026 https://www.bodyhackguide.co/blog/complete-nootropic-stack-guide #### Nootropics for Social Confidence: The Alcohol Alternative Guide This guide covers compounds that ease social inhibition without alcohol, from L-theanine to phenibut, with safety notes and product picks. 4/1/2026 https://www.bodyhackguide.co/blog/nootropics-social-confidence-alcohol-alternative ### Lowest Price per mg Disguised Alpha $64.99($0.186/mg) 1 vendor · 1 listing ### Research Score 30 0 PubMed results ### Quality Indicators Data Completeness 63% Description Mechanism of Action Chemical Data Dosing Protocols Safety Profile PubMed Results Interactions Vendor Listings ### Quick Facts Half-Life Molecular Weight 219.24 g/mol Administration Oral CAS Number 72432-10-1 Trial Phase Approved (Italy) 0 Research Disclaimer This information is for educational and research purposes only. Not intended as medical advice. Consult a healthcare professional before use. ## Frequently Asked Questions What is Aniracetam used for in research? Aniracetam is a pyrrolidinone in the racetam family, developed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the code Ro 13-5057. The first detailed pharmacology paper, published in 1982 by the Roche group, reported that oral aniracetam prevented or reversed several forms of experimentally induced amnesia in rats and mice, with bell-shaped dose-response curves and roughly ten times the potency of piracetam (PMID: 6817363). It went on to be sold as a prescription medicine in parts of Europe under names including Ampamet and Memodrin, indicated for cognitive and behavioral symptoms in older patients, and in Japan under the names Draganon and Sarpul. It has never been approved in the United States. Nearly all of the aniracetam bought by consumers today is bulk powder or capsules supplied as a research chemical rather than a licensed medicine. The best characterized action is positive allosteric modulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Aniracetam potentiated ionotropic quisqualate and AMPA responses in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA, and potentiated excitatory postsynaptic potentials in rat hippocampal slices (PMID: 1975272). Patch-clamp work in guinea pig hippocampal slices showed that it reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents (PMID: 1660156). Cocrystal structures of the GluA2 ligand-binding core later placed aniracetam at the dimer interface, where it stabilizes the closed, glutamate-bound conformation and slows deactivation (PMID: 16192394). Animal work consistently shows restoration of impaired performance rather than improvement of normal performance. Aniracetam improved delayed-response performance in an eight-arm radial maze in rats (PMID: 1611039), improved contextual fear conditioning in DBA/2J mice along with increased membrane-bound hippocampal gamma-PKC (PMID: 11918291), and reversed passive avoidance deficits in sleep-deprived Wistar rats (PMID: 24079994). In healthy animals the picture is different: daily oral aniracetam produced no measurable change across spatial, associative, motor and anxiety tasks in normal C57BL/6J mice (PMID: 25099639), and it had no effect on delayed matching-to-sample performance in neurologically healthy pigeons (PMID: 31002681). The human record is mixed and mostly from the late 1980s and early 1990s. A 109-patient, six-month, placebo-controlled multicenter study in mild to moderate probable Alzheimer type dementia reported significant differences favoring aniracetam on psychobehavioral measures (PMID: 1822317), while a 44-patient double-blind study found no difference from placebo (PMID: 3103163). A 1994 review concluded the evidence supported continued evaluation rather than established efficacy (PMID: 8199398), and a 2010 review of piracetam-like drugs reported that aniracetam and oxiracetam were no longer in clinical use (PMID: 20166767). Two practical points. First, the parent molecule barely survives first-pass metabolism, so most of what circulates is metabolite (PMID: 19025058), and formulation chemists describe aniracetam as having low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability (PMID: 30453664). Second, in February 2019 the United States Food and Drug Administration told a nootropics seller that aniracetam is not a dietary supplement ingredient and that products containing it are unapproved new drugs. In the United States it is a research-use-only compound. What forms does Aniracetam come in? Aniracetam is available in powder form. How much does Aniracetam cost? Prices start at $64.99 across 1 vendor. How do I compare Aniracetam vendors? Compare prices, payment methods, shipping, and COA scores across 1 vendor. ## Research Tools ### Peptide Calculator Reconstitution & syringe units https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/reconstitution ### Reconstitution Guide How to mix, step by step https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/how-to-reconstitute-peptides ### Nasal Spray Calc mL per actuation https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/intranasal ### Half-Life Visualizer Decay curves https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/halflife ## Related Compounds ### 9-Me-BC (9-Methyl-β-carboline) Nootropics Preclinical ### Bemethyl (bemitil) Nootropics Approved (Russia) ### Bromantane Nootropics Russia Approved ### Cyclazodone Nootropics Preclinical ### Dihexa Nootropics Preclinical ### Fasoracetam (NS-105) Nootropics Phase 2 Free 2026 Peptide Cheat Sheet (PDF) 38 compounds and blends: vial sizes, BAC water volumes, dosing ranges and bloodwork markers. Download Free (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/peptide-cheat-sheet-download) ### Need bloodwork before starting? Full hormone + metabolic panels from Anabolic Insights. Code CHONCH for first-order discount. Image: BodyHackGuide (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/assets/bodyhackguide-logo-DOzZNUyh.webp) ### BodyHackGuide Your biohacking research hub: compound pricing, brain health protocols, dosing tools, and vendor reviews. support@bodyhackguide.co Join our Discord: https://discord.gg/Mhq5UdRYBA r/BodyHackGuide on Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/BodyHackGuide #### Explore - Compare prices: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compare - Vendors: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors - Deals: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/deals - Coupons: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/coupons - Nootropics: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/nootropics - Brain health: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/brain-health - Blog: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/blog - Guides: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides #### Tools - Reconstitution: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/reconstitution - Half-life visualizer: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/halflife - COA reader: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/coa - Cost calculator: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools/cost-calculator - Stack builder: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/stack-builder - All tools: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/tools #### Trust & vendors - Vendor directory: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors - Trust scorecard: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/scorecard - Vendor trust badge: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/get-vetted - Scoring methodology: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/methodology - Peptide cheat sheet: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/guides/peptide-cheat-sheet-download #### Company - About: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/about - Affiliate disclosure: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/affiliate-disclosure - Editorial standards: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/editorial-standards - Creators: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/creators - Coaches: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/coaches - 1-on-1 coaching: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/coaching - Privacy: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/privacy - Terms: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/terms - Full site directory: https://www.bodyhackguide.co/site-directory **Affiliate Disclosure:** We rank every vendor on the same public, reproducible methodology (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/vendors/methodology), and we earn a commission from purchases made through some of our links at no extra cost to you. 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All rights reserved. · Terms (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/terms) · Privacy (https://www.bodyhackguide.co/privacy) ## Structured data ```json [ { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Compounds", "item": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compare" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Aniracetam" } ] }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Product", "name": "Aniracetam", "description": "Aniracetam is a pyrrolidinone in the racetam family, developed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the code Ro 13-5057. The first detailed pharmacology paper, published in 1982 by the Roche group, reported that oral aniracetam prevented or reversed several forms of experimentally induced amnesia in rats and mice, with bell-shaped dose-response curves and roughly ten times the potency of piracetam (PMID: 6817363). It went on to be sold as a prescription medicine in parts of Europe under names including Ampamet and Memodrin, indicated for cognitive and behavioral symptoms in older patients, and in Japan under the names Draganon and Sarpul. It has never been approved in the United States. Nearly all of the aniracetam bought by consumers today is bulk powder or capsules supplied as a research chemical rather than a licensed medicine. The best characterized action is positive allosteric modulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Aniracetam potentiated ionotropic quisqualate and AMPA responses in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA, and potentiated excitatory postsynaptic potentials in rat hippocampal slices (PMID: 1975272). Patch-clamp work in guinea pig hippocampal slices showed that it reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents (PMID: 1660156). Cocrystal structures of the GluA2 ligand-binding core later placed aniracetam at the dimer interface, where it stabilizes the closed, glutamate-bound conformation and slows deactivation (PMID: 16192394). Animal work consistently shows restoration of impaired performance rather than improvement of normal performance. Aniracetam improved delayed-response performance in an eight-arm radial maze in rats (PMID: 1611039), improved contextual fear conditioning in DBA/2J mice along with increased membrane-bound hippocampal gamma-PKC (PMID: 11918291), and reversed passive avoidance deficits in sleep-deprived Wistar rats (PMID: 24079994). In healthy animals the picture is different: daily oral aniracetam produced no measurable change across spatial, associative, motor and anxiety tasks in normal C57BL/6J mice (PMID: 25099639), and it had no effect on delayed matching-to-sample performance in neurologically healthy pigeons (PMID: 31002681). The human record is mixed and mostly from the late 1980s and early 1990s. A 109-patient, six-month, placebo-controlled multicenter study in mild to moderate probable Alzheimer type dementia reported significant differences favoring aniracetam on psychobehavioral measures (PMID: 1822317), while a 44-patient double-blind study found no difference from placebo (PMID: 3103163). A 1994 review concluded the evidence supported continued evaluation rather than established efficacy (PMID: 8199398), and a 2010 review of piracetam-like drugs reported that aniracetam and oxiracetam were no longer in clinical use (PMID: 20166767). Two practical points. First, the parent molecule barely survives first-pass metabolism, so most of what circulates is metabolite (PMID: 19025058), and formulation chemists describe aniracetam as having low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability (PMID: 30453664). Second, in February 2019 the United States Food and Drug Administration told a nootropics seller that aniracetam is not a dietary supplement ingredient and that products containing it are unapproved new drugs. 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The first detailed pharmacology paper, published in 1982 by the Roche group, reported that oral aniracetam prevented or reversed several forms of experimentally induced amnesia in rats and mice, with bell-shaped dose-response curves and roughly ten times the potency of piracetam (PMID: 6817363). It went on to be sold as a prescription medicine in parts of Europe under names including Ampamet and Memodrin, indicated for cognitive and behavioral symptoms in older patients, and in Japan under the names Draganon and Sarpul. It has never been approved in the United States. Nearly all of the aniracetam bought by consumers today is bulk powder or capsules supplied as a research chemical rather than a licensed medicine. The best characterized action is positive allosteric modulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Aniracetam potentiated ionotropic quisqualate and AMPA responses in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA, and potentiated excitatory postsynaptic potentials in rat hippocampal slices (PMID: 1975272). Patch-clamp work in guinea pig hippocampal slices showed that it reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents (PMID: 1660156). Cocrystal structures of the GluA2 ligand-binding core later placed aniracetam at the dimer interface, where it stabilizes the closed, glutamate-bound conformation and slows deactivation (PMID: 16192394). Animal work consistently shows restoration of impaired performance rather than improvement of normal performance. Aniracetam improved delayed-response performance in an eight-arm radial maze in rats (PMID: 1611039), improved contextual fear conditioning in DBA/2J mice along with increased membrane-bound hippocampal gamma-PKC (PMID: 11918291), and reversed passive avoidance deficits in sleep-deprived Wistar rats (PMID: 24079994). In healthy animals the picture is different: daily oral aniracetam produced no measurable change across spatial, associative, motor and anxiety tasks in normal C57BL/6J mice (PMID: 25099639), and it had no effect on delayed matching-to-sample performance in neurologically healthy pigeons (PMID: 31002681). The human record is mixed and mostly from the late 1980s and early 1990s. A 109-patient, six-month, placebo-controlled multicenter study in mild to moderate probable Alzheimer type dementia reported significant differences favoring aniracetam on psychobehavioral measures (PMID: 1822317), while a 44-patient double-blind study found no difference from placebo (PMID: 3103163). A 1994 review concluded the evidence supported continued evaluation rather than established efficacy (PMID: 8199398), and a 2010 review of piracetam-like drugs reported that aniracetam and oxiracetam were no longer in clinical use (PMID: 20166767). Two practical points. First, the parent molecule barely survives first-pass metabolism, so most of what circulates is metabolite (PMID: 19025058), and formulation chemists describe aniracetam as having low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability (PMID: 30453664). Second, in February 2019 the United States Food and Drug Administration told a nootropics seller that aniracetam is not a dietary supplement ingredient and that products containing it are unapproved new drugs. In the United States it is a research-use-only compound.", "lastReviewed": "2026-10-03T14:37:14.127Z", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/compound/aniracetam", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "BioChonch", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/about", "jobTitle": "Founder & Lead Researcher", "sameAs": [ "https://reddit.com/r/BodyHackGuide", "https://reddit.com/r/BrainHackGuide", "https://reddit.com/r/Biohackingher" ], "worksFor": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "BodyHackGuide", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co" } }, "reviewedBy": { "@type": "Person", "name": "BioChonch", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/about", "jobTitle": "Founder & Lead Researcher", "sameAs": [ "https://reddit.com/r/BodyHackGuide", "https://reddit.com/r/BrainHackGuide", "https://reddit.com/r/Biohackingher" ], "worksFor": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "BodyHackGuide", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co" } }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "BodyHackGuide", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co" }, "mainContentOfPage": { "@type": "WebPageElement", "cssSelector": "main" }, "about": { "@type": "Drug", "name": "Aniracetam", "alternateName": [ "Ro 13-5057", "Draganon", "Sarpul", "Ampamet", "Memodrin", "1-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-2-pyrrolidinone", "1-p-anisoyl-2-pyrrolidinone" ], "description": "Aniracetam is a pyrrolidinone in the racetam family, developed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the code Ro 13-5057. The first detailed pharmacology paper, published in 1982 by the Roche group, reported that oral aniracetam prevented or reversed several forms of experimentally induced amnesia in rats and mice, with bell-shaped dose-response curves and roughly ten times the potency of piracetam (PMID: 6817363). It went on to be sold as a prescription medicine in parts of Europe under names including Ampamet and Memodrin, indicated for cognitive and behavioral symptoms in older patients, and in Japan under the names Draganon and Sarpul. It has never been approved in the United States. Nearly all of the aniracetam bought by consumers today is bulk powder or capsules supplied as a research chemical rather than a licensed medicine. The best characterized action is positive allosteric modulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Aniracetam potentiated ionotropic quisqualate and AMPA responses in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA, and potentiated excitatory postsynaptic potentials in rat hippocampal slices (PMID: 1975272). Patch-clamp work in guinea pig hippocampal slices showed that it reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents (PMID: 1660156). Cocrystal structures of the GluA2 ligand-binding core later placed aniracetam at the dimer interface, where it stabilizes the closed, glutamate-bound conformation and slows deactivation (PMID: 16192394). Animal work consistently shows restoration of impaired performance rather than improvement of normal performance. Aniracetam improved delayed-response performance in an eight-arm radial maze in rats (PMID: 1611039), improved contextual fear conditioning in DBA/2J mice along with increased membrane-bound hippocampal gamma-PKC (PMID: 11918291), and reversed passive avoidance deficits in sleep-deprived Wistar rats (PMID: 24079994). In healthy animals the picture is different: daily oral aniracetam produced no measurable change across spatial, associative, motor and anxiety tasks in normal C57BL/6J mice (PMID: 25099639), and it had no effect on delayed matching-to-sample performance in neurologically healthy pigeons (PMID: 31002681). The human record is mixed and mostly from the late 1980s and early 1990s. A 109-patient, six-month, placebo-controlled multicenter study in mild to moderate probable Alzheimer type dementia reported significant differences favoring aniracetam on psychobehavioral measures (PMID: 1822317), while a 44-patient double-blind study found no difference from placebo (PMID: 3103163). A 1994 review concluded the evidence supported continued evaluation rather than established efficacy (PMID: 8199398), and a 2010 review of piracetam-like drugs reported that aniracetam and oxiracetam were no longer in clinical use (PMID: 20166767). Two practical points. First, the parent molecule barely survives first-pass metabolism, so most of what circulates is metabolite (PMID: 19025058), and formulation chemists describe aniracetam as having low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability (PMID: 30453664). Second, in February 2019 the United States Food and Drug Administration told a nootropics seller that aniracetam is not a dietary supplement ingredient and that products containing it are unapproved new drugs. In the United States it is a research-use-only compound.", "activeIngredient": "Aniracetam", "administrationRoute": "Oral", "mechanismOfAction": "Aniracetam is a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors. It binds at the two-fold axis of the GluA2 ligand-binding domain dimer interface, adjacent to the hinge of the clamshell, and stabilizes the closed glutamate-bound conformation, which slows receptor deactivation (PMID: 16192394). Functionally this reduces desensitization and prolongs the decay of fast excitatory postsynaptic currents in hippocampal slices, increasing the peak amplitude of synaptic responses (PMID: 1660156). The same potentiation was seen for ionotropic quisqualate and AMPA responses in oocytes expressing rat brain messenger RNA, with no effect on kainate, NMDA or GABA responses (PMID: 1975272). Downstream effects reported in rodents include increased prefrontal glutamate release in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (PMID: 11852174) and contributions from the metabolites 2-pyrrolidinone and N-anisoyl-GABA (PMID: 11702095).", "dosageForm": "powder", "legalStatus": "Not approved for human use (research chemical)", "warning": "For research purposes only. Not for human consumption." } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is Aniracetam used for in research?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Aniracetam is a pyrrolidinone in the racetam family, developed by Hoffmann-La Roche under the code Ro 13-5057. The first detailed pharmacology paper, published in 1982 by the Roche group, reported that oral aniracetam prevented or reversed several forms of experimentally induced amnesia in rats and mice, with bell-shaped dose-response curves and roughly ten times the potency of piracetam (PMID: 6817363). It went on to be sold as a prescription medicine in parts of Europe under names including Ampamet and Memodrin, indicated for cognitive and behavioral symptoms in older patients, and in Japan under the names Draganon and Sarpul. It has never been approved in the United States. Nearly all of the aniracetam bought by consumers today is bulk powder or capsules supplied as a research chemical rather than a licensed medicine. The best characterized action is positive allosteric modulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Aniracetam potentiated ionotropic quisqualate and AMPA responses in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA, and potentiated excitatory postsynaptic potentials in rat hippocampal slices (PMID: 1975272). Patch-clamp work in guinea pig hippocampal slices showed that it reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents (PMID: 1660156). Cocrystal structures of the GluA2 ligand-binding core later placed aniracetam at the dimer interface, where it stabilizes the closed, glutamate-bound conformation and slows deactivation (PMID: 16192394). Animal work consistently shows restoration of impaired performance rather than improvement of normal performance. Aniracetam improved delayed-response performance in an eight-arm radial maze in rats (PMID: 1611039), improved contextual fear conditioning in DBA/2J mice along with increased membrane-bound hippocampal gamma-PKC (PMID: 11918291), and reversed passive avoidance deficits in sleep-deprived Wistar rats (PMID: 24079994). In healthy animals the picture is different: daily oral aniracetam produced no measurable change across spatial, associative, motor and anxiety tasks in normal C57BL/6J mice (PMID: 25099639), and it had no effect on delayed matching-to-sample performance in neurologically healthy pigeons (PMID: 31002681). The human record is mixed and mostly from the late 1980s and early 1990s. A 109-patient, six-month, placebo-controlled multicenter study in mild to moderate probable Alzheimer type dementia reported significant differences favoring aniracetam on psychobehavioral measures (PMID: 1822317), while a 44-patient double-blind study found no difference from placebo (PMID: 3103163). A 1994 review concluded the evidence supported continued evaluation rather than established efficacy (PMID: 8199398), and a 2010 review of piracetam-like drugs reported that aniracetam and oxiracetam were no longer in clinical use (PMID: 20166767). Two practical points. First, the parent molecule barely survives first-pass metabolism, so most of what circulates is metabolite (PMID: 19025058), and formulation chemists describe aniracetam as having low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability (PMID: 30453664). Second, in February 2019 the United States Food and Drug Administration told a nootropics seller that aniracetam is not a dietary supplement ingredient and that products containing it are unapproved new drugs. In the United States it is a research-use-only compound." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "What forms does Aniracetam come in?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Aniracetam is available in powder form." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "How much does Aniracetam cost?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Prices start at $64.99 across 1 vendor." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "How do I compare Aniracetam vendors?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Compare prices, payment methods, shipping, and COA scores across 1 vendor." } } ] }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "@id": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co#organization", "name": "BodyHackGuide", "alternateName": "BHG", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.bodyhackguide.co/logo.png", "width": 512, "height": 512 }, "description": "Evidence-based research reference for peptides and nootropics. 124+ compound profiles, interactive dosing calculators, vendor price comparisons, and trust-scored vendor reviews scored on a public, reproducible methodology applied to every vendor. 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